To aid healthcare professionals in suggesting treatments based on “PRADiCT ” (Patient Risk factors, Adverse effects, Drug interaction, Clinical findings, and Treatment procedure).
This is an extension of previously built CODO (v1.3) ontology (http://w3id.org/codo/1.3). This extension primarily focused on COVID-19 Therapeutics, Risk Factors, and Drug Interactions (COViDRO). COViDRO, a structured and formal ontology based on OWL-DL. COViDRO can be integrated into knowledge graph and recommender systems, aiding healthcare professionals in suggesting treatments based on “PRADiCT ” (Patient Risk factors, Adverse effects, Drug interaction, Clinical findings, and Treatment procedure). This encompasses a well-organized representation of COVID-19-related data, covering patient risk level, underlying health conditions, age, immunocompromised state, occupation, drug interactions, adverse effects, clinical findings, and treatment procedures. Leveraging the CODO ontology foundation https://w3id.org/codo, COViDRO extends existing concepts with standardized URIs like https://w3id.org/codo#COVIDRO_ConceptName, ensuring clarity and enabling seamless collaboration across healthcare and research domains. COViDRO provides evidence-based decision support, automated reasoning for therapeutic recommendations based on PRADiCT, streamlines data integration, utilizes a dynamic knowledge graph, and demonstrates practical utility through SPARQL queries.
CODO: an Ontology for collection and analysis of COviD-19 data
CQ I. Which therapeutics are recommended for COVID-19 patients with specific underlying health conditions? CQ II. What are the potential adverse effects of specific COVID-19 drugs? CQ III. Identify the drug interactions that may occur with a particular COVID-19 therapeutic. CQ IV. What are the risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 infection? CQ V. How does the choice of COVID-19 therapeutics vary based on patient characteristics? CQ VI. Which drugs should be avoided due to known interactions with commonly prescribed COVID-19 medications? CQ VII. What are the potential drug-drug interactions between COVID-19 therapeutics and medications commonly used to manage other health conditions? (refer the article for more CQs)
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, spatial applicability of the resource, or jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant.
coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource, e.g., the geographic coverage of a disease.
spatial coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
temporal coverage
The Person's occupation. For past professions, use Role for expressing dates.
has occupation
Indicates a unit which is part of this Organization, e.g. a Department within a larger Organization.
has unit
Indicates an Organization of which this Unit is a part, e.g. a Department within a larger Organization.
unit of
Gender of a person.
has gender
Nationality of the person.
nationality
approved by
authorized under
approves
has concommitant
has participant
has immunocompromised state
has present medical history
has social history
has treatment procedure
has underlying health condition
is immunocompromised state of
is social history of
is underlying health condition of
may interacts with
may not interacts with
not approved by
ongoing medication
The patient admitted to the covid-19 dedicated facilities, like home, hotel, hospital, etc.
admitted in
A property to link between a resource (e.g., vaccination statistics) to its target age group.
age group
cleaners
The medical clinic where testing/ diagnosis for disease is available.
clinical facility
Two persons in co-worker relation.
co-worker
Indicates a place has a place part.
contained in
A place is part of another place.
contains
In case the patient contracted the virus from is known, this property mentions the case number of the "patinet" [source: https://www.isibang.ac.in/~athreya/incovid19/data.html]
contracted virus from
The medical clinic where testing/ diagnosis for the COVID-19 Coronavirus disease is available.
covid-19 clinical facility
The Place (typically a City but could be a building, state, etc.) where a Person currently lives
currentResident
The sister of your father or mother; the wife of your uncle.
hasAunt
A male with the same parents as someone else.
hasBrother
has city
listed specific comorbidity per case.
comorbidity
has component
has country
The diagnosis details of a patient.
has diagnosis
Type of test done (e.g., RT PCR, Anitigen, Antybody)
has diagnostic procedure
has diagnostic technique
has district
A person is a domestic help to anothe person.
domestic help
hasHusband
hasMember
hasNeighbor
A son of your brother or sister.
hasNephew
A daughter of your brother or sister.
hasNiece
A core relation that holds between a whole and its part [BFO_0000051].
has part
A generic property to store the relationships between persons.
has relationships
An associate who shares a room with you.
roommate
A female person who has the same parents as another person.
hasSister
Two persons in married relationship.
spouse
has state
has province
A generic property to connect to the metrics related to the casualities, vaccination, resources, tests, etc. of the disease.
has statistics
Any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease.
has symptom
A patient has clinical test result.
has test result
has treatment
The brother of your father or mother; the husband of your aunt.
hasUncle
has union territory
hasWife
infected with COVID-19 variant
is component of
is diagnosis for
is diagnosis of
is diagnostic procedure of
is diagnostic technique of
isMemberOf
is occupation of
A core relation that holds between a part and its whole.
is part of
is spatial coverage of
is statistics of
is status of patient
is temporal coverage of
is test result for
is vital sign of
A male relative.
kinsman
A female relative.
kinswomen
Patient's covid-19 clinical test result.
laboratory test finding
lift man
The location of for example where a person is situated, an organization (covid-19 dedicated facilities, medical clinics) is located.
location
The most recent covid-19 clinical test result.
most recent test result
The next clinical test result of a patient.
next test result
patient status
The Place (typically a City but could be a building, State, etc.) that a Person has as their permanent home.
Place of death, e.g., hospital, house, or any other facility
The previous clinical test result of a patient.
previous test result
A security guard of a person.
security guard
The suspected reasons of catching covid-19 disease, for example, travel, attending a marriage anniversary, while treating a patient, infected famility member.
suspected reasons of catching covid-19
A generic property to store the travel history of a patient. Also used to record the Place that a Patient traveledFrom on ExposureToCovid19 individuals.
travel history
A suspected covid-19 patient travelled from a place, e.g., country/ state/ district.
travelled from
A suspected covid-19 patient travelled to a place, e.g., country/ state/ district.
travelled to
A name for some thing.
name
Physical address of the item.
address
The locality in which the street address is, and which is in the region. For example, BHEL Layout.
address locality
The latitude of a location. For example 37.42242
latitude
The longitude of a location. For example -122.08585.
longitude
The postal code. For example, 560060
postal code
The street address. For example, 1st Main, Muthurainagara.
street address
Blood Pressure (Distolic)
Blood Pressure (Systolic)
measures in kg/m2.
BMI
is pregnant
Cumulative total number of first dose vaccinated till date.
cumulative first dose vaccine administered
Cumulative total number of second dose vaccinated till date.
cumulative second dose vaccine administered
DBP
Distolic blood pressure
SBP
Systolic blood pressure
The peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, an estimate (in %) of the amount of oxygen in the blood.
peripheral capillary oxygen saturation(SpO2)
An acronym.
acronym
Number of active covid cases.
active cases
A patient admitted on a particular day and time.
admitted on
date of admission
An age of a person.
age
Tthe extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary (in sq. km.).
area
The number of beds that are required to accommodate the patients (whether suspected or confirmed COVID-19).
bed needed
Total number of beds that are occupied.
bed occupied
number of bed shortage.
bed shortage
The proportion of people diagnosed with a certain disease e.g., (COVID-19), who end up dying of it. A CFR is generally expressed as a percentage
case fatality rate
case-fatality risk
covid-19 cases on a day
case on
Number of covid cases.
cases
The country code. Example, "IND" for India.
country code
Number of cumulative decease patients
cumulative decease
Number of cumulative discharge
cumulative discharge
Number of cumulative positive cases
cumulative positive cases
The cumulative total number of RT-PCR test.
cumulative total RT-PCR test
The cumulative total number of rapid antigen detection test.
cumulative total rapid antigen detection test
The total cumulative number of tests.
cumulative total tests
Cumulative total number of vaccine.
cumulative total vaccine administered
daily case
Daily number of deceased covid-19 patients.
daily decease
daily death
Number of daily discharge patient
daily discharge
First dose of vaccination administered daily.
daily first dose vaccine administered
daily 1st dose vaccine administered
Total no,. of active cases in Date 2 - total no. of active cases in Date 1
daily increased cases
The number of daily RT-PCR test.
daily RT-PCR test
The number of daily rapid antigen detection test.
daily rapid antigen detection test
Second dose of vaccination administered daily.
daily second dose vaccine administered
daily 2nd dose vaccine administered
The number of daily total tests.
daily total test
The daily total vaccine administered.
daily total vaccine administered
A particular day specified as the time something happens. Value format: 2021-08-11T00:00:00
date
date when the case began exhibiting symptoms. The initial date of reported symptoms.
date of onset of symptom
The diagnosis took place on a day.
diagnosed on
date of confirmation
tested positive on
The patient ID assigned at the district level (usually a first level of administrative division within a state/ province).
district wise patient ID
Removed data type xsd:string from range for now. Because I copied the values over from the labels using SPARQL the annotations for the language ("
A utility string to be used together with a Full Text Index in Allegro to facilitate processing reasonStrings with names of Places
geoName
This indiicates the the secondary infections caused, if any. The values are either "yes", "no" and indicate if the patient has caused any [known] secondary infections [source: https://www.isibang.ac.in/~athreya/incovid19/data.html].
has caused any secondary infections
patient id
The rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health.
Heart rate
height
no. of invasive ventilators needed.
icu bed needed
no. of icu bed shortage.
icu bed shortage
invasive ventilator needed
A generic property to provide the result related to the covid-19 disease casualties, resources, tests, and vaccinations.
metrics
Number of people migrated after recovery from the covid.
people migrated
For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometre or square mile, and which may include or exclude for example areas of water or glaciers.
population density
The percentage of people who test positive for the virus of those overall who have been tested.
positivity rate
Number of people recovered from covid.
recovered
The rate of recovery of COVID-19 patients in percentage.
recovery rate
The patient released on a day from a covid dedicated facility.
date of discharge
out date
released on
Available/ required resource for covid treatment.
resource
Is the number of breaths a person take per minute.
respiratory rate
State (province) code. Example, "KL" of Kerala.
state code
The patient ID assigned at the state/province level.
state wise patient ID
The body temperature.
body temperature
number of people tested.
test
The test result date.
test result on
vaccination
The number of people refused to take vacine.
vaccine refused
The weight.
weight
A symptom is a perceived change in function, sensation, loss, disturbance or appearance reported by a patient indicative of a disease.
Source: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FinalGuidanceonMangaementofCovidcasesversion2.pdf https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
Symptom
A Medical clinic where testing for the COVID-19 Coronavirus disease is available.
Covid testing facility
A governmental organization or agency.
Government Organization
Local business
A facility, often associated with a hospital or medical school, that is devoted to the specific diagnosis and/or healthcare.
Medical clinic
Clinical finding (finding)
An Organization which is recognized in the world at large, in particular in legal jurisdictions, with associated rights and responsibilities. Examples include a corporation, charity, government or church.
Formal Organization
A group of people who work together.
Represents a collection of people organized together into a community or other social, commercial or political structure. The group has some common purpose or reason for existence which goes beyond the set of people belonging to it and can act as an Agent. Organizations are often decomposable into hierarchical structures.
Organization
An Organization such as a department or support unit which is part of some larger Organization and only has full recognition within the context of that Organization. In particular the unit would not be regarded as a legal entity in its own right.
Organizational Unit
Department
An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact).
Agent
Group
A human being.
Person
A public structure, such as a town hall or concert hall.
Civic structure
one of the large landmasses of the earth; "there are seven continents"; "pioneers had to cross the continent on foot"
Continent
A country.
A medical laboratory that offers on-site or off-site diagnostic services.
Diagnostic Lab
An enumeration of genders.
Gender type
A landform or physical feature. Landform elements include mountains, plains, lakes, rivers, seascape and oceanic waterbody interface features such as bays, peninsulas, seas and so forth, including sub-aqueous terrain features such as submersed mountain ranges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins.
Landform
A medical organization (physical or not), such as hospital, institution or clinic.
Medical Organization
Occupation refers to a person's job or profession. It plays a role in determining the level of exposure to various hazards, including infectious diseases, chemicals, physical risks, and other occupational health and safety concerns. Source: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.osha.gov/
Occupation
A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals.
Patients are categorised into three groups based on the following guidelines. Source: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FinalGuidanceonMangaementofCovidcasesversion2.pdf
SCTID: 116154003
Patient
Entities that have a somewhat fixed, physical extension.
A state or province of a country.
State
Province
Age more than 60 years
Age is a significant factor when considering the risk of developing certain health conditions or experiencing certain health-related events. As individuals age, the likelihood of developing certain diseases or experiencing age-related changes increases. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Ageing and Health. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
A group people having approximately the same age.
The people in a place or organization who were born during a particular period of time, for example all the people aged between 18 and 25.
Age Group
Anniversary
Bodily function
SCTID: 78064003
better /same/worse
Respiratory function
Business
Any facility for providing care to COVID-19 patients.
source: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FinalGuidanceonMangaementofCovidcasesversion2.pdf
COVID-19 care facility
The diagnosis as COVID-19 patient. The diagnosied COVID-19 patients are categorised to three different categories/cases based on various clinical test and vital signs.
COVID-19 Diagnosis
A treatment for the COVID-19 disease.
COVID-19 treatment
A virus with one or more new mutations is referred to as a “variant” of the original virus. COVID-19 variants are, for example UK strain, South Africa strain, Double-mutant/B.1.617 The classification according to CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html#)
COVID-19 variant
medication or acid-reducing drug, refers to a type of medication that helps decrease the production of stomach acid or neutralize existing acid in the stomach. Acid reducers are commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and acid-related indigestion. Source: Mayo Clinic. (2021). Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959 Acid reducers work by either blocking the production of acid in the stomach or by directly neutralizing the acid. Common types of acid reducers include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor blockers (H2 blockers). PPIs inhibit the enzyme responsible for acid production, while H2 blockers reduce acid production by blocking certain receptors in the stomach. These medications are available both over-the-counter (OTC) and by prescription, depending on the specific drug and dosage. It is important to follow the instructions provided by healthcare professionals or the product label and consult a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.
Acid reducer
Antacid
Adverse effect refers to an undesirable or harmful outcome that occurs as a result of medical treatment, intervention, medication, or exposure to a substance. Adverse effects can range from mild discomfort or inconvenience to severe complications or harm. These effects can include side effects, allergic reactions, complications, or unintended consequences. Sources: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Understanding Unapproved Use of Approved Drugs "Off Label" World Health Organization (WHO): Safety Monitoring of Medicinal Products National Institutes of Health (NIH): MedlinePlus - Drug Reactions
Adverse effect
AgeBetween18To64 refers to individuals whose age falls within the range of 18 to 64 years. It represents an age group commonly used in demographic categorization, research studies, and various contexts that require age-based criteria.
Age between 18 to 64
Adult
Allergy medication refers to medications that are specifically designed to alleviate the symptoms associated with allergies. These medications aim to reduce or block the body's immune response to allergens, thus providing relief from symptoms such as sneezing, itching, runny nose, congestion, and watery eyes. There are several types of allergy medications available, including: Antihistamines: Antihistamines work by blocking the effects of histamine, a chemical released by the body during an allergic reaction. They help reduce itching, sneezing, and runny nose. Antihistamines can be classified as first-generation (e.g., diphenhydramine) or second-generation (e.g., cetirizine, loratadine) based on their sedative effects. Decongestants: Decongestants help relieve nasal congestion by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages. They can be found in both oral and nasal spray forms. However, nasal spray decongestants should be used for a limited duration to avoid rebound congestion. Nasal Corticosteroids: Nasal corticosteroids are available as nasal sprays and work by reducing inflammation in the nasal passages. They provide long-term relief from nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing. Mast Cell Stabilizers: Mast cell stabilizers, available as nasal sprays or eye drops, prevent the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances. They are used to prevent allergic reactions and provide relief from symptoms. Combination Medications: Some allergy medications combine antihistamines with decongestants to provide both symptom relief and nasal congestion relief. It's important to note that the choice of allergy medication depends on the specific symptoms, the individual's age, medical history, and the guidance of a healthcare professional. It's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider or allergist for proper diagnosis and treatment of allergies. Sources: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI). Allergy Medications Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/allergies/allergy-medications Mayo Clinic. Allergy medications: Know your options. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/allergies/in-depth/allergy-medications/art-20047403
Allergy medication
Anti-infectives, also known as antimicrobial agents or antibiotics, are medications used to treat infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These medications work by inhibiting the growth or killing the microorganisms responsible for the infection. Anti-infectives are a vital tool in healthcare for combating infectious diseases and preventing their spread. There are different classes of anti-infective medications, including: Antibiotics: Antibiotics are primarily used to treat bacterial infections. They can target and kill bacteria or inhibit their growth. Examples include penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Antivirals: Antiviral medications are used to treat viral infections by targeting specific steps in the viral replication cycle. They can help reduce the severity and duration of viral illnesses such as influenza, herpes, HIV, and hepatitis. Antifungals: Antifungal medications are used to treat fungal infections, such as candidiasis (yeast infections) or dermatophytosis (ringworm). They can be used topically or systemically, depending on the severity and location of the infection. Antiparasitic agents: Antiparasitic medications are used to treat infections caused by parasites, such as malaria, helminth infections, or protozoal infections. These medications can kill or inhibit the growth of parasites. It's important to note that the choice of anti-infective medication depends on the type of infection, the causative microorganism, its susceptibility, and other patient-specific factors. It's crucial to use these medications appropriately, following the prescribed dosage and duration, to ensure effective treatment and minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance. Sources: World Health Organization (WHO). Antimicrobial Resistance. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/antimicrobial-resistance Mayo Clinic. Antibiotics: Uses and resistance. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/antibiotics/art-20045720
Anti-Infective
Antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir, are designed to directly target the replication and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within the body.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug
Anti-diabetic medications are a group of medications used to manage and treat diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. These medications aim to regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, either by increasing insulin production or enhancing its effectiveness in the body. Source: American Diabetes Association. (2021). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 44(Supplement 1), S111-S124. Retrieved from: https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/44/Supplement_1/S111
Anti diabetic medication
Antiarrhythmics are medications used to prevent or control abnormal heart rhythms, helping to maintain a regular heartbeat.
Antiarrhythmic
Antibiotics are a class of drugs used to treat bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth or killing bacteria. They are not effective against viral infections.
Antibiotic
Anticoagulants are drugs that prevent the formation of blood clots, reducing the risk of thrombosis or embolism.
Anticoagulant
Anticonvulsants, also known as antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), are medications used to treat and prevent seizures or convulsions. They are commonly prescribed for individuals with epilepsy or other seizure disorders. Anticonvulsants work by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain, preventing abnormal firing of neurons that can lead to seizures. Source: Mayo Clinic. (2021). Anticonvulsants. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/in-depth/antiseizure-medications/art-20045022 Anticonvulsants can be used to control various types of seizures, including generalized seizures (affecting both sides of the brain) and focal seizures (originating in a specific area of the brain). These medications may also have mood-stabilizing effects and are sometimes used to manage other conditions such as bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain. The choice of anticonvulsant medication depends on factors such as the type of seizures, the individual's age, overall health, and any potential drug interactions. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to adhere to the prescribed dosage, as abrupt changes in medication or dosing can trigger seizures.
Anticonvulsant
An antidepressant is a medication used to treat depression and related mood disorders. It works by balancing neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are thought to play a role in regulating mood and emotions. Antidepressants are commonly prescribed to improve mood, alleviate symptoms of depression, and promote a sense of well-being. They are available in various classes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and others.
Antidepressant
Antifungals are drugs that are effective in treating fungal infections, preventing the growth and spread of fungi.
Antifungal
Antihypertensives are drugs used to lower high blood pressure and manage hypertension, reducing the risk of related complications.
Antihypertensive
Antiparasitics are medications used to treat parasitic infections by eliminating or controlling parasites in the body.
Antiparasitic
An antipsychotic, also known as a neuroleptic, is a medication primarily used to manage psychosis and psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Antipsychotics help reduce the intensity of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, and other symptoms associated with these conditions. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps stabilize brain activity and mitigate symptoms. Antipsychotics are classified into first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) based on their specific mechanism of action.
Antipsychotic
Antivirals are medications used to inhibit the replication and spread of viruses in the body, helping to treat viral infections.
Antiviral
An anxiolytic is a medication prescribed to alleviate anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Also known as anti-anxiety drugs, anxiolytics work by modulating the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to produce a calming effect and reduce excessive worry or fear. These medications are commonly used to manage generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.
Anxiolytic
Bronchodilators are medications that relax and widen the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe.
Bronchodilator
CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) antagonists are a novel class of medications used to prevent migraines. They work by blocking the activity of CGRP, a neuropeptide believed to play a role in the development of migraines. By inhibiting CGRP, these drugs help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines in individuals prone to recurrent attacks.
CGRP antagonist
COVID-19 convalescent plasma refers to a potential treatment option for COVID-19 that involves using plasma obtained from individuals who have recovered from the disease. Convalescent plasma contains antibodies that the recovered individuals developed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2021). Recommendations for Investigational COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/recommendations-investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma
COVID-19 convalescent plasma
COVID-19 therapeutics refer to the medications and treatments used in the management and treatment of COVID-19, the respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These therapeutics aim to alleviate symptoms, reduce the severity of the disease, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1
COVID-19 therapeutics
Alteration of the disposition and/or effect of a COVID-19 therapeutic A, owing to the presence of another COVID-19 therapeutic B.
COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
COVID-19 therapeutics Drug-drug interaction
Calcineurin inhibitors are a group of immunosuppressant medications used to prevent organ rejection in transplant recipients. They work by inhibiting calcineurin, an enzyme that activates immune cells responsible for transplant rejection. By suppressing the immune response, calcineurin inhibitors help prevent the body from attacking and rejecting the transplanted organ.
Calcineurin inhibitor
Cardiovascular medications are a group of medications used to manage and treat various cardiovascular conditions and diseases. These medications aim to improve heart function, regulate blood pressure, control lipid levels, prevent blood clot formation, and manage other cardiovascular-related conditions. Source: American Heart Association. (2021). Medications Used to Treat Heart Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/treatment-of-a-heart-attack/medications-used-to-treat-heart-disease
Cardiovascular medication
Cardiovascular system diseases, also known as heart diseases, refer to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These can include conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular diseases, and congenital heart defects.
Cardiovascular system disease
Cerebrovascular disease refers to a group of conditions that affect the blood vessels supplying the brain. These conditions can include stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and other disorders that disrupt blood flow to the brain, leading to neurological deficits.
Cerebrovascular disease
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are medications that reduce the absorption of cholesterol from the diet, lowering cholesterol levels.
Cholesterol absorption inhibitor
Alteration of the disposition and/or effect of a drug A, owing to the presence of another drug B.
DDI
Drug-drug interaction
Disability refers to a physical, cognitive, sensory, or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of an individual. Disabilities can affect mobility, communication, cognition, and other aspects of a person's life, requiring accommodations and support to facilitate equal participation in society.
Disability
Drug interaction refers to the alteration or modification of the effects of a drug when it is taken in combination with another drug, food, beverage, or substance. It can result in changes in the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) or pharmacodynamics (interaction at the target site) of the drugs involved, leading to potential therapeutic or adverse effects. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Drug Interactions: What You Should Know
Alteration of the disposition and/or effect of a drug, owing to the presence of another factor such as a second drug, or food.
Drug interaction
Endothelin receptor antagonists are medications that block the action of endothelin, used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Endothelin receptor antagonist
GreaterThan64 refers to individuals whose age is greater than 64 years. It represents an age group that includes individuals who are 65 years old or older. This age cutoff is commonly used in demographic categorization, healthcare guidelines, and various contexts where age-based criteria are relevant.
greater than 64
OlderAdult
High exposure risk occupations are those in which workers are at an increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases, including respiratory illnesses like COVID-19. These occupations involve close contact with the public, working in crowded environments, or providing healthcare or other essential services. Examples of high exposure risk occupations include: Healthcare Workers: Doctors, nurses, paramedics, and other healthcare personnel who directly care for patients in healthcare settings. First Responders: Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), paramedics, firefighters, and police officers who provide immediate emergency assistance. Public Transportation Workers: Bus drivers, subway/train operators, and other transportation employees who interact closely with the public. Essential Retail Workers: Grocery store employees, pharmacy staff, and workers in retail settings providing essential goods and services. Personal Care Workers: Home health aides, nursing home staff, and caregivers who assist individuals with personal care and daily activities. Food Service Workers: Restaurant staff, food delivery personnel, and workers in food processing facilities.
High Risk - Age 65 or older - Underlying health conditions (e.g., chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, immunosuppression) - Immunocompromised state (e.g., organ transplant recipients, individuals undergoing cancer treatment) - Pregnancy - Occupation with high exposure risk (e.g., healthcare workers, essential workers in close contact with the public) - Social history (e.g., alcohol use, smoking habits, inactive etc.)
High risk patient
Immune modulators are a category of drugs that help activate, boost, or suppress the immune function. In the case of COVID-19 infection, the immune system can become hyperactive which may result in worsening of disease. Immune modulators can help suppress this hyperinflammation.
Immune modulators, such as tocilizumab and baricitinib, target specific components of the immune system to regulate the immune response and mitigate the cytokine storm that can occur in severe COVID-19 cases.
Immune modulator
Immunocompromised condition or weakened immune system Some people are immunocompromised or have a weakened immune system because of a medical condition or a treatment for a condition. This includes people who have cancer and are on chemotherapy, or who have had a solid organ transplant, like a kidney transplant or heart transplant, and are taking medication to keep their transplant. Other people have to use certain types of medicines for a long time, like corticosteroids, that weaken their immune system. One example is called primary immunodeficiency. Being immunocompromised can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19 or be sick for a longer period of time.
Immunosuppressants are a group of medications that suppress or reduce the activity of the immune system. They are used to modulate the body's immune response in certain conditions where an overactive or misguided immune system can lead to harmful effects. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2021). Immunosuppressants. Retrieved from: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/immunosuppressants
Immunosuppressant
Interferons are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the body's immune response to viral infections, including COVID-19. They are part of the innate immune system and act as signaling molecules to stimulate antiviral defenses. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1
Interferon
LessThan18 refers to individuals whose age is less than 18 years. It represents an age group that includes children and adolescents who have not yet reached the age of 18. This age cutoff is commonly used in various contexts such as legal frameworks, education systems, and healthcare guidelines that involve age-based distinctions.
less than 18
Pediatric
Leukotriene receptor antagonists are drugs that block the action of leukotrienes, used to manage asthma and allergies.
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Lipid-modifiers, also known as lipid-lowering medications or lipid-lowering agents, are a group of medications used to manage and regulate lipid levels in the body. These medications are primarily used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which are important factors in cardiovascular health. Source: American Heart Association. (2021). Cholesterol-Lowering Medications. Retrieved from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/prevention-and-treatment-of-high-cholesterol-hyperlipidemia/cholesterol-medications
Lipid-Modifier
Low exposure risk occupations are those in which workers have minimal contact with the public or coworkers, reducing their risk of exposure to infectious diseases. These occupations may involve remote work or limited interaction with others. Examples of low exposure risk occupations include: Remote Office Workers: Professionals working from home or in isolated office settings with limited contact with others. Outdoor Workers: Construction workers, landscapers, and agricultural workers who work in open-air environments with minimal interaction with others. Manufacturing Workers: Employees in industrial settings where physical distancing and safety protocols can be implemented effectively. Research Scientists: Researchers working in laboratories or controlled environments with limited exposure to infectious agents. Delivery Drivers: Couriers or drivers who make contactless deliveries with minimal interaction with customers or coworkers.
Low Risk - Age below 18 years - No underlying health conditions - No immunocompromised state - Low exposure risk occupation
Low risk patient
Medical therapy refers to the use of medications, drugs, or other therapeutic agents to prevent, manage, or treat diseases or medical conditions. Medical therapy can involve the administration of drugs through various routes, including oral, intravenous, topical, or inhalation, among others, to achieve desired therapeutic effects.
Medical therapy
Medication refers to a substance or drug that is prescribed or used to prevent, treat, or manage diseases, conditions, or symptoms in humans or animals. Medications are typically formulated in specific pharmaceutical preparations and are administered through various routes such as oral, topical, injection, or inhalation, depending on the medication and its intended use. Medications can be prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or veterinarians, and are regulated by health authorities to ensure their safety, efficacy, and quality. They play a crucial role in the field of healthcare and are used to alleviate symptoms, control diseases, cure infections, manage chronic conditions, or provide relief from pain or discomfort. It's important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions for medication use to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Medication
A mental health condition refers to a broad range of conditions that affect an individual's emotional, psychological, and social well-being. These conditions can include mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, and other mental health-related conditions.
Mental health condition
Migraine reducers are a class of medications specifically designed to alleviate or reduce the symptoms associated with migraines. Migraines are recurring headaches that can cause intense pulsing or throbbing pain, often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Source: American Migraine Foundation. (2021). Migraine Treatments. Retrieved from: https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-treatments/
Migraine reducer
Moderate Risk - Age between 18 and 64 years - Some underlying health conditions (e.g., mild respiratory diseases, well-controlled chronic conditions) - No significant immunocompromised state - Social history (e.g., alcohol use, smoking habits, inactive etc.)
Moderate risk patient
A neurological condition refers to a disorder or disease that affects the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurological conditions can include neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease), epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, migraines, and other disorders that impact the nervous system.
Neurological condition
Neuropsychiatric medications are a group of medications used to treat various mental health conditions that affect brain function and behavior. These medications can help manage symptoms associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Examples of neuropsychiatric medications include antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and stimulants. The choice of medication depends on the specific condition and individual needs, and it is important to work closely with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate medication and dosage for effective management.
Neuropsychiatric medication
NSAIDs are a class of medications that provide pain relief, reduce inflammation, and lower fever, but they are not steroids.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NSAID
Opioids are drugs used to relieve severe pain by interacting with opioid receptors in the body's nervous system.
Opioid
Organ transplant is a surgical procedure where a healthy organ or tissue from a donor is surgically implanted into a recipient's body to replace a diseased or non-functioning organ. Organ transplantation is performed to improve the recipient's quality of life and increase their chances of survival.
Organ transplant
Overweight (defined as a body mass index (BMI) is 25 kg/m2 or higher, but under 30 kg/m2), obesity (BMI is 30 kg/m2 or higher, but under 40 kg/m2), or severe obesity (BMI is 40 kg/m2 or higher), can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases sharply with higher BMI.
Overweight
Pain reducers, also known as analgesics, are medications used to alleviate or reduce pain sensations. They can be classified into different categories, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and adjuvant analgesics. NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, work by reducing inflammation and relieving pain. Opioids, such as codeine or morphine, act on the central nervous system to block pain signals. Adjuvant analgesics, such as certain antidepressants or anticonvulsants, may be prescribed alongside other pain relievers to enhance their effects. The choice of pain reducer depends on the type and severity of pain, as well as individual factors such as medical history and potential interactions with other medications.
Pain reducer
Past medical history
PatientRiskLevel refers to the categorization or classification of a patient based on their level of risk for a particular condition or situation. The risk level is determined by evaluating various factors such as age, underlying health conditions, immunocompromised state, occupation, and social determinants of health. The patient's risk level helps inform healthcare decisions and interventions to ensure appropriate care and management based on their specific risk profile.
Patient risk level
PharmaceuticalPreparation refers to a product or formulation created by pharmaceutical companies for medicinal use. It includes a wide range of medications, drugs, vaccines, and other healthcare products that are specifically developed, manufactured, and packaged for administration to patients for the prevention, treatment, or management of diseases, conditions, or symptoms. Pharmaceutical preparations undergo rigorous testing, quality control, and regulatory processes to ensure their safety, efficacy, and proper usage. They can be available in various forms such as tablets, capsules, injections, topical creams, inhalers, and more.
Pharmaceutical preparation
Present medical history
Prostacyclin analogues are drugs that mimic the action of prostacyclin, a natural substance that dilates blood vessels and prevents clot formation.
Prostacyclin analogue
Pulmonary hypertension medications are used to manage and treat pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. These medications aim to improve blood flow in the pulmonary arteries, reduce symptoms, and slow down the progression of the disease. Some examples of pulmonary hypertension medications include calcium channel blockers, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostacyclin analogs. The choice of medication depends on the specific type and severity of pulmonary hypertension, as well as individual patient factors, and requires close monitoring and management by a healthcare professional specializing in pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary hypertension medication
Recommended therapeutics for specific medical conditions can vary based on various factors, including the individual's medical history, severity of the condition, and response to treatment.
Kineret (anakinra) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen (low- or high-flow oxygen) who are at risk of progressing to severe respiratory failure and likely to have an elevated plasma soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR).
Recommended therapeutics Anakinra
Olumiant (baricitinib) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults requiring supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Olumiant (baricitinib) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in pediatric patients 2 to less than 18 years of age requiring supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygen (ECMO).
Recommended therapeutics Baricitinib
Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19 refer to the medications and treatment approaches that have been suggested or authorized for the management and treatment of COVID-19, the respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These therapeutics are based on scientific evidence, clinical trials, and expert guidelines from reputable health organizations. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1
High-Titer COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Authorized under an FDA EUA for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients who are immunocompromised or who are receiving immunosuppressive treatment.
Recommended therapeutics high-titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma
Molnupiravir Authorized under an FDA EUA for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in high-risk individuals aged ≥18 years.
Remdesivir Approved by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 in individuals aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg.
Veklury (Remdesivir) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (28 days of age and older and weighing at least 3 kilograms) who are: hospitalized, or not hospitalized and have mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.
Veklury (remdesivir) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (28 days of age and older and weighing at least 3 kilograms) with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing, who are: hospitalized, or not hospitalized and have mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.
Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) is approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID 19, including hospitalization or death. Paxlovid is not approved for use as pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19.
Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) Authorized under an FDA EUA for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in high-risk individuals aged ≥12 years and weighing ≥40 kg.
Recommended therapeutics Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
Actemra (Tocilizumab) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Actemra (tocilizumab) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized pediatric patients 2 to less than 18 years of age who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Recommended therapeutics Tocilizumab
Gohibic (vilobelimab) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults when initiated within 48 hours of receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Recommended therapeutics Vilobelimab
Respiratory medications are a group of medications used to manage various respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders. These medications aim to improve lung function, reduce inflammation, open airways, and alleviate symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. There are different types of respiratory medications, including bronchodilators (e.g., beta-agonists, anticholinergics), corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and mucolytics. The choice of respiratory medication depends on the specific respiratory condition, severity of symptoms, and individual patient needs, and it is important to work closely with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate medication and treatment plan.
Respiratory medication
Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways. (MSH)
Respiratory therapy
Monoclonal antibody therapies, such as casirivimab/imdevimab and bamlanivimab/etesevimab, are designed to neutralize the virus and help the immune system in fighting the infection.
SARS-COV-2-targeting monoclonal antibody
Severe obesity
Social history
Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Statin
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a condition characterized by the compulsive and problematic use of substances, including drugs or alcohol, despite negative consequences. SUD can lead to physical and psychological dependence, as well as adverse health, social, and behavioral effects.
Substance use disorder
A treatment procedure refers to a specific medical intervention or approach used to manage, cure, or alleviate a disease or medical condition. Treatment procedures can include surgical procedures, medical therapies, rehabilitation techniques, and other interventions tailored to the specific needs of the patient.
Treatment procedure
Triptans are a class of medications used to treat migraines and cluster headaches. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the brain and inhibiting the release of certain substances that trigger migraines, thereby providing relief from migraine symptoms, such as severe headaches, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Triptans are available in various formulations, including oral tablets, nasal sprays, and injections.
Triptan
An underlying health condition refers to a pre-existing medical condition or disease that a person has before the onset of another illness or condition. Underlying health conditions can include chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions that may affect the individual's overall health and increase the risk of complications.
Vasodilators are medications that relax and widen blood vessels, increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure.
Vasodilator
mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors are a class of immunosuppressive drugs used in organ transplantation and the treatment of certain cancers. They act by inhibiting mTOR, a protein kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival. In transplantation, mTOR inhibitors help prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by suppressing the immune response. In cancer treatment, they interfere with cancer cell growth and promote tumor regression.
mTOR inhibitor
the craft of a carpenter: making things out of wood.
Case Statistics
A city.
Towns with population of 1,00,000 and above are called cities.
A ward is a containedIn a city. Calling it CityWard to avoid confusion with a hospital ward.
Clinical Finding
Close contact, a suspected cause for catching COVID-19.
Close contact
Note that clusters are NOT disjoint, so a cluster can be an instance of a TimeCluster and other clusters.
A Cluster is a group of patients with the same disease who are grouped by one or more properties that are considered critical to an analysis of how the disease has spread.
Cluster
a disease that can be communicated from one person to another.
A communicable disease, also known as an infectious disease, is a disease caused by a pathogen (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that can be transmitted from one person to another, either directly or indirectly.
Communicable disease
A. A person with a positive Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) including RT-PCR or any other similar test approved by ICMR. B. A person with a positive SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-RDT AND meeting either the probable case definition or suspect criteria OR C. An asymptomatic person with a positive SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-RDT who is a contact of a probable or confirmed case.
A cluster defined by contact with certain individuals. Note that to some extent all clusters are contact clusters so this class is used only for those clusters that specifically mention contact with individuals (or lack of knowledge about such contact) rather than geographic, time, or disease data.
an Infectious disease that is readily spread (that is, communicated) by transmission of a pathogen through contact (direct or indirect) with an infected person.
any disease easily transmitted by contact.
Contagious diseases are infectious diseases that can be easily transmitted from one person to another through direct contact, respiratory droplets, or other modes of transmission.
Contagious disease
A disease caused by coronavirus. [Source: WHO. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. https://www.who.int/]
Coronavirus disease, also known as COVID-19, is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It emerged in late 2019 and has since become a global pandemic. COVID-19 can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and can lead to complications, particularly in individuals with underlying health conditions or older age groups.
Coronavirus disease
Country Wise Case Statistics
Country wise resource statistics
Country wise test statistics
Country wise vaccination statistics
Any facility, such as hotels/lodges/hostels/stadiums for providing care to COVID-19 patients are reffered as Covid Care Centre (CCC).
Covid Care Centre (CCC)
the skilled practice of a practical occupation.
The Dedicated COVID Health Centre are hospitals that shall offer care for all cases that have been clinically assigned as moderate.
Dedicated Covid Health Centre (DCHC)
The Dedicated COVID Hospitals are hospitals that shall offer comprehensive care primarily for those who have been clinically assigned as severe.
Dedicated Covid Hospital (DCH)
A person diagnosed With COVID-19.
Diagnosed With COVID-19
identification a disease from its symptoms.
Diagnosis
This models the manner in which a diagnosis was discovered. E.g., via a pregnancy test, screening for a suspected disease, tests done before surgery, etc.
Disgnosis type
a procedure followed in making a medical diagnosis.
Diagnostic procedure
Diagnostic technique
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning.
Disease refers to a disorder or abnormal condition of the body or mind that impairs normal functioning. Diseases can be caused by various factors, including pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites), genetic mutations, environmental factors, lifestyle choices, or a combination of these factors.
Disease
Patients clustered by diseases that made them susceptible to the virus
A disorder refers to an abnormal condition or disruption in the regular functioning of an organ, system, or overall body. It can involve physical, mental, or physiological dysregulation that affects normal processes and may lead to symptoms or impairments.
Disorder
An adminidtrative area spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions of municipalities, school district, or political district.
District Wise Case Statistics
District wise resource statistics
District wise test statistics
District wise vaccination statistics
A licensed medical doctor.
SCTID: 158965000
Doctor
a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic.
Drug
the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university).
SCTID: 363872004
Suspected causes of catching COVID-19.
Exposure to COVID-19
Mass gathering, a suspected cause for catching COVID-19.
Gathering
SCTID: 285854004
Emotion
Patients clustered by the geographic region where they contracted the infection
Geographic regions such as the Middle East, North America, etc. For the cluster class
GeographicRegion
Health care professional
the body of individuals whose work helps to maintain the health of their clients.
Health profession
Imaging procedure
Imaging technique
the act of making immune (especially by inoculation).
Immunisation
any substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body.
Immunogen
Immunizing agent
InfectedNeighbor
InfectedNephew
InfectedNiece
InfectedViaHealthcareWork
InfectedViaJob
InfectedViaPoliceWork
Support staff such as lift man, cleaners, security personnel, peons etc.
Infected via support staff
a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that can invade and multiply within the body. These diseases can range from mild to severe and can be transmitted through various means, including person-to-person contact, contaminated surfaces, vectors (such as mosquitoes), or airborne droplets.
Infectious disease
the profession of reporting or photographing or editing news stories for one of the media.
SCTID: 118246004
The laboratory test finding of the patient. The possible values are Positive, Negative, Pending.
Laboratory test finding
Laboratory procedure
Laboratory technique
the learned profession that is mastered by graduate study in a law school and that is responsible for the judicial system.
one of the three professions traditionally believed to require advanced learning and high principles.
the body of individuals qualified to practice law in a particular jurisdiction; "he was admitted to the bar in New Jersey".
Legal profession
Bar
Legal community
A man.
the body of individuals who are qualified to practice medicine.
Medical profession
Medical community
a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease.
Medicinal drug
Cases presenting with fever and/or upper respiratory tract illness (Influenza Like Illness, ILI).
Mild and very mild COVID-19
Pneumonia with no signs of severe disease (Respiratory Rate 15 to 30/minute, SpO2 90%-94%).
Moderate COVID-19
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
A health professional skilled in caring for young children or the sick (usually under the supervision of a physician).
SCTID: 106292003
Nurse
Professional nurse
the profession of a nurse.
Nursing
Observational finding
A profession, may involve prolonged training and/or a formal qualification.
the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money; "he's not in my line of business"
A pathological state refers to an abnormal or diseased condition of the body. It can involve structural or functional changes that deviate from the normal physiological state and may be associated with symptoms or manifestations of illness.
Pathological state
the occupation of a pilot.
PolicePerson
the profession devoted to governing and to political affairs.
The patient was discovered to have another disease as the result of tests given before surgery.
Pregnancy refers to the period during which a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus. It is a natural process that typically lasts around 40 weeks. Pregnancy involves significant physiological and hormonal changes in the woman's body to support the growth and development of the fetus.
The patient was discovered to have a disease as a result of tests given during pregnancy.
A. A patient who meets clinical criteria above AND is a contact of a probable or confirmed case, or linked to a COVID-19 cluster B. A suspect case with chest imaging showing findings suggestive of COVID-19 disease C. A person with recent onset of anosmia(loss of smell) or ageusia(loss of taste) in the absence of any other identified cause. D. Death, not otherwise explained, in an adult with respiratory distress preceding death AND was a contact of a probable or confirmed case or linked to a COVID-19 cluster.
an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences).
Resource statistics
Respiratory tract diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the airways, lungs, and respiratory system. These can include infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other disorders that impact breathing and respiratory function.
Respiratory tract disease
A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a particular disease or experiencing a certain health condition. Risk factors can be divided into two main categories: modifiable and non-modifiable. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Understand Your Risk for Heart Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm
SecondaryContact
SecurityGuard
Severe Pneumonia (with respiratory rate ≥30/minute and/or SpO2 < 90% in room air) or ARDS or Septic shock.
Severe COVID-19
Sign
State Wise Case Statistics
State wise resource statistics
State wise test statistics
State wise vaccination statistics
Statistics based on each day.
Statistics of COVID-19 cases which includes the deatils of active, recovered, deaths, and also the resources (e.g., beds required, shortage of beds, ICUs) on daily basis.
The current status of the patient, for example: recovered, hospitalized, deceased.
Status
A. A person who meets the clinical AND epidemiological criteria: Clinical Criteria: • Acute onset of fever AND cough; OR • Acute onset of ANY THREE OR MORE of the following signs or symptoms: Fever, cough, general weakness/ fatigue, headache, myalgia, sore throat, coryza, dyspnoea, anorexia/nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, altered mental status. AND Epidemiological Criteria: • Residing or working in an area with high risk of transmission of virus: closed residential settings, humanitarian settings such as camp and camp-like settings for displaced persons; any time within the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or • Residing or travel to an area with community transmission any time within the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or • Working in any healthcare setting, including with in health facilities or within the community; any time within the 14 days prior of symptom onset. B. A patient with severe acute respiratory illness: (SARI: acute respiratory infection with history of fever or measured fever of ≥38 C°; and cough; with onset within the last 10 days; and requires hospitalization).
Person and ('has symptom' some MostCommonSymptom) or ('has symptom' min 3 LessCommonSymptom) Person and ('has symptom' value Fever) and (Person and ('has symptom' value 'Dry cough')) or (Person and ('has symptom' some LessCommonSymptom))
Symptomatic treatment, supportive care, or supportive therapy is any medical therapy of a disease that only affects its symptoms, not the underlying cause.
Symptomatic treatment
Supportive care
Supportive therapy
the profession of a teacher.
A test result.
Test result
Test statistics
A cluster defined by some event (including lack of knowledge) at a certain date. Note that clusters are not disjoint, so a cluster can be an instance of a TimeCluster and other clusters.
Places which satisfy the following criteria are called towns: (i) A minimum population of 5,000; (ii) At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and (iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. (i.e. 1000 per sq. Mile).
Town
care by procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury.
Treatment
The patient was identified as at risk for the disease (e.g., Covid-19) and was tested as part of tracing people identified to be at risk.
A union territory ('Federally administered territory/province') is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed directly by the Central Government of India.
UnionTerritory
Untested for COVID-19
Urgently needs COVID test
Urgently needs COVID-19 test
Variants of Concern
Variant of High Consequence
Variants of Interest
Vaccination statistics
Vaccination status
An immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies.
Vaccine
vaccinum
The vital signs of a suspected covid-19 patient as found through clinical tests.
Vital signs
A women.
Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Amiodarone
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Amiodarone DDI
Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir and Carbamazepine
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Carbamazepine DDI
Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Clopidogrel
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Clopidogrel DDI
Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Clozapine
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Clozapine DDI
Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Disopyramide
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Disopyramide DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Dofetilide DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Dronedarone DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Eplerenone DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Flecainide DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Ivabradine DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Lurasidone DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Midazolam DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Phenobarbital DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Phenytoin DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Pimozide DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Primidone DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Propafenone DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Quinidine DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Rifampin DDI
Drug-drug interaction between Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir and Rifapentine
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Rifapentine DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Sildenafil DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Vardenafil DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Voclosporin DDI
Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir DDI
a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), , the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
COVID‑19 vaccine
Abu Dhabi
SCTID: 82991003
Generalized aches and pains (finding)
Ad5-nCoV
Convidicea
Ahmedabad
Ajmer
Amsterdam
Anantapur
A union territory of India comprising 572 islands of which 37 are inhabited, are a group of islands at the juncture of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andhra Pradesh
Argentina
Assam
Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine
AZD1222
ChAdOx1 nCoV19
Covishield
Athens
First detected in United Kingdom
First detected in South Africa
First detected in Maharastra, India First detected on October 2020
G/452R.V3
Bagalkote
Bahrain
Bangalore
Bangalore-Urban
Bangalore Rural
Bangladesh
Baroda
Belagavi
Bhatkal
Bidar
Brazil
Breathlessness
COVAXIN
BBV152
A Coronavirus infection that is characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath and that has_material_basis_in SARS-CoV-2 (source: obo).
A disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Disease caused by 2019 novel coronavirus
Disease caused by 2019-nCoV
SCTID: 840539006
2019 Novel Coronavirus
The body responds to a viral infection by producing antibodies that help neutralize the virus. Blood tests (also called serology tests or serology immunoassays) can detect the presence of such antibodies.
COVID-19 Antibody Tests
Serology blood test
Serology test
serological test
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
utoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare immune disorder first described by NIH scientists in the mid-1990s that can cause numerous autoimmune problems, such as low levels of red blood cells, clot-forming platelets, and infection-fighting white blood cells. These problems can increase the risk of infection and hemorrhage. Read more about autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS).
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1), also called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), causes a diverse range of symptoms, including autoimmunity against different types of organs and increased susceptibility to candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by Candida yeast. Read more about APS-1 (APECED).
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1
BENTA disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system caused by mutations in the gene CARD11. The disease is characterized by high levels of certain immune cells starting in infancy, an enlarged spleen, enlarged lymph nodes, immunodeficiency, and an elevated risk of lymphoma, a type of cancer Read more about BENTA disease
Breathing without difficulty
Caspase eight deficiency state, or CEDS, is a very rare genetic disorder of the immune system caused by mutations in the CASP8 gene. CEDS is characterized by an enlarged spleen and lymph nodes, recurrent sinus and lung infections, recurrent viral infections, and a low level of infection-fighting antibodies. NIH researchers first described this condition in two siblings in 2002.
COVID-19
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Chronic Kidney Insufficiency (CKI)
Chronic Liver Disease (CLD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Cough
Diabetes mellitus
Dyspnea
Fever
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
High-Titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma
Hypertension
Ischemic heart disease
Malaise
Molnupiravir
Not reported
Pain
Pneumonia
Remdesivir
Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
Paxlovid
Runny nose
Severe pneumonia
Sneezing
Sore throat
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
a medical imaging technique used in radiology (x-ray) to obtain detailed internal images of the body noninvasively for diagnostic purposes.
formerly known as computed axial tomography or CAT scan
CT scan
Carwar
Chamarajanagar
Chennai
a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. Chest radiographs are the most common film taken in medicine.
Chest radiograph
chest film
Chikmagalur
Chitradurga
Colombo
Conjunctivitis
red eyes
Containment Zones : The patients who were contacts of Conatinment Zones and their contacts. Some patients have the Ward represented in the Reason column.
Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DNHDD) is a union territory in western India.
Dakshina Kannada District
Until June 2019, Daman and Diu was an Union Territory of India. But since July 2019 it was merged to another Union Territory of India "Dadra and Nagar Haveli" and togtrehr formed a single union territory "Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DNHDD)."
Daman And Diu
Dammam
Davangere
Delhi
SCTID: 62315008
Diarrhea
Diu
Domestic Travel History Absent : The patients for whom the information was given as "Travel History-Domestic"
SCTID: 11833005
Dry cough
Dubai
Edinburgh
SCTID: 386661006
France
Gadag
Gadag-Betageri
Germany
Goa
Greece
Gujarat
From Gujarat : The patients with travel history to Gujarat and their contacts.
officially the Co‑operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America.
Guyana
SCTTID: 59994004
Hacking cough
Hassan
Himachal Pradesh
Hindupur
Hubballi
Hubli, officially known as Hubballi, is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka.
Hubli
a City and municipal council in the Bidar District of the Indian state of Karnataka and city is a headquarters of Humnabad taluk.
Humnabad
Hyderabad
Indonesia
Influenza like illness : The patients showing influenza like symptoms and their contacts.
Influenza Like Illness
ILI
International Travel History Absent : The patients for whom the information was given as "Travel History-International"
A country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.
Iraq
Republic of Iraq
Italy
Jammu is the winter capital and the largest city in Jammu district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Jammu
Jammu And Kashmir
Jeddah
27-June Trace History Absent : On this day, no trace history information was given for the patients. Patients who were contacts of these individuals are also in this cluster.
28-June Trace History Absent : On this day, no trace history information was given for the patients. Patients who were contacts of these individuals are also in this cluster.
29-June Trace History Absent : On this day, no trace history information was given for the patients. Patients who were contacts of these individuals are also in this cluster.
Kalaburagi
Kalburgi
Karwara
Kashmir
Kerala
Kodagu, also called Coorg, is a district in Karnataka State.
Coorg
Kodagu
Kodagu District
Kolkata
a city in Koppala district in the Indian state of Karnataka.
Koppal
Koppala
Koppala District
London
Madrid
Maharashtra
From Maharashtra : The patients with travel history to Maharashtra and their contacts.
Mandya
Mangalore
Mangaluru
Manipur
Mecca
Middle East
From Middle East : The patients with travel to the Middle East and their contacts.
MiddleEastCluster
Mumbai
Mysore
Nagaland
Nanjangud
SCTID: 68235000
Nasal congestion
Nelamangala
Nerve damage
Netherlands
New York City
New York State
SCTID: 22253000
SCTID: 162397003
Pain in throat
Palghar
a locality in Raigad district of Maharashtra in India.
Panvel
Persistent pain in chest
Persistent pressure in chest
Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
Pharmaceutical Company in Nanjangud : This patients who were workers of a Pharmaceutical Company in Nanjangud, Mysore along with their contacts.
Philippines
Pune
The Molecular test, commonly known as the RT-PCR test, is a method of testing that is used to directly detect the presence of the virus in the sample
a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
RT-PCR tests
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
a city municipality in the district of Raichur in the Indian state of Karnataka.
Raichore
Raichur
Rayachuru
Raigad District (formerly Kolába district), is a district in the Konkan division of Maharashtra, India.
Raigad
Raigadh
Rajasthan
From Rajasthan : The patients with travel history to Rajasthan and their contacts.
a city and a city municipal council in the Indian state of Karnataka.
Ramanagara
Ramanagara District
A COVID-19 antigen refers to any foreign matter or viral proteins in the body that triggers an immune response.
a rapid diagnostic test suitable for point-of-care testing that directly detects the presence or absence of an antigen.
Rapid antigen test (RAT)
Antigen rapid test (ART)
Rapid antigen detection test (RADT)
Rapid test
rapid antigen test
Reduced consciousness
Rest Of Europe
From the rest of Europe : The patients with travel history to Europe but not to UK and their contacts.
RestOfEuropeCluster
Riyadh
SCTID: 267101005
Nasal discharge presen
Nose dripping
Nose running
Saudi Arabia
Scotland
Second Generation Contact Absent : The patients whose information was given as "Contact" without giving the patient ID of the individual they were a contact of.
SecondGenerationContactCluster
rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections.
Sensitisation
Sensitization
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection: This includes patients with a history of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection whose symptoms have resurfaced and their contacts.
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections
SARI
a city and taluka headquarter located in the Yadgir district of Indian state of Karnataka.
Shahapur
Sharjah
Singapore
Sleep disorders
SCTID: 76067001
Republic of South Africa
South America
From South America : The patients with travel history to South America and their contacts.
SouthAmericaCluster
From the Southern States : The patients with travel to Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh or Telengana and their contacts. This doesn't contain patients with interdistrict travel in Karnataka
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh or Telengana. This doesn't contain Karnataka
Spain
Sri Lanka
Surat
Switzerland
TJ Congregation from 13th to 18th March in Delhi : The patients with travel history to the TJ Congregation in Delhi and their contacts.
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Texas
Represents the geographic region of the entire world.
SCTID: 224960004
Feeling tired
Fatigue
SCTID: 54150009
URTI
USA
From USA : The patients who had travel history to USA and their contacts.
USACluster
Udupi
United Arab Emirates
From United Kingdom : The patients with travel history to UK and their contacts.
UnitedKingdomCluster
Unknown : The patients who have been listed in the Media Bulletins as "Contact Under Tracing"and their contacts.
Uttar Kannada
Uttara Kannada, formerly known as North Canara, is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka.
North Canara
Uttara Kannada
taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease
Vaccination
Inoculation
Vadodara District
Vellore
Vellore District
Vijayapura
Ward 135
West Bengal
is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country.
Western Province
Yadgir
Note: had to give this test data id that may conflict with real data in order to process reason strings that require numeric computations on the ID's. I.e., they have to be numeric strings that can be converted to integers not string starting with "T" So make sure to delete this and similar test data before loading actual data.
description
Obesity