CODO: an Ontology for collection and analysis of COviD-19 data
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://w3id.org/codo/1.5
abstract: This specification describes CODO, an integrated ontological data model, a formal Ontology for collection and analysis of COVID-19 and related data. The Introduction section further provides the overall scope of the ontology and its usage. It is designed using W3C's RDF technology.
created: 2020-04-27
creator: Biswanath Dutta
creator: Debanjali Bain
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
modified: 2022-04-16
modified: 2023-03-31
modified: 2023-07-11
publisher: Indian Statistical Institute
browsing UI: https://w3id.org/codo
preferred namespace prefix: codo
preferred namespace URI: https://w3id.org/codo
competency question: CQ 1: What mutations were discovered in patient p1's genomic testing results? CQ 2: Which patient's test result revealed the N501Y mutation? CQ 3: Which SARS-CoV-2 variant has patient p1 been diagnosed with? CQ 4: Which sequencing method was used in the genome sequencing test for patient p1? CQ 5: Who has been diagnosed as an Omicron patient? CQ 6: Which patients' nasopharyngeal swabs have been collected? CQ 7: A person's genomic sequence report reveals that the spike protein has a del69-70 mutation. Which variants might there be? CQ 8: What are the characteristic mutations found in the test result of a person (p2) diagnosed with the B.1.1.529 variant? CQ 9: What are all the substitution mutations that occurred in B.1.1.7? CQ 10: What mutations are detected in Delta? CQ 11: Where and when was the initial B.1.351 variant discovered? CQ 12: What structural proteins are present in SARS-CoV-2? CQ 13. Which therapeutics are recommended for COVID-19 patients with specific underlying health conditions? CQ 14. What are the potential adverse effects of specific COVID-19 drugs? CQ 15. Identify the drug interactions that may occur with a particular COVID-19 therapeutic. CQ 16. What are the risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 infection? CQ 17. How does the choice of COVID-19 therapeutics vary based on patient characteristics? CQ 18. Which drugs should be avoided due to known interactions with commonly prescribed COVID-19 medications?

coverage
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is coverage of
comment: The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, spatial applicability of the resource, or jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant.

spatial coverage
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: coverage
inverse of: is spatial coverage of
range: Place
comment: Spatial characteristics of the resource, e.g., the geographic coverage of a disease.

temporal coverage
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: coverage
inverse of: is temporal coverage of
comment: Temporal characteristics of the resource.

has occupation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is occupation of
domain: Person
range: Occupation

has unit
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: unit of
domain: Organization
range: Organizational unit
comment: Indicates a unit which is part of this Organization, e.g. a Department within a larger Organization.
alternative label: has department

unit of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Organizational unit
range: Organization
comment: Indicates an Organization of which this Unit is a part, e.g. a Department within a larger Organization.

has gender
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: gender
inverse of: gender of
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Person
range: Gender type
comment: Gender of a person.

has occupation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is occupation of
domain: Person
range: Occupation
comment: The Person's occupation. For past professions, use Role for expressing dates.

nationality
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is nationality of
domain: Person
range: Country
comment: Nationality of the person.

approved by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: COVIDRO approves
domain: Pharmaceutical preparation
range: Organization
alternative label: authorized under

COVIDRO approves
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Organization
range: Pharmaceutical preparation
comment: approves

has adverse effect
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is adverse effect of
domain: Pharmaceutical preparation
range: Adverse effect

has concommitant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Drug interaction
range: Pharmaceutical preparation
alternative label: has participant

has immunocompromised state
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is immunocompromised state of
domain: Person
range: Immunocompromised state

has present medical history
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: COVIDRO isPresentMedicalHistoryOf
domain: Person
range: Present medical history

has social history
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is social history of
domain: Person
range: Social history

has treatment procedure
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: COVIDRO isTreatmentProcedureOf
domain: Person
range: Treatment procedure

has underlying health condition
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is underlying health condition of
domain: Person
range: Underlying health condition

is adverse effect of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Adverse effect
range: Pharmaceutical preparation

is immunocompromised state of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Immunocompromised state
range: Person

is social history of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Social history
range: Person

is underlying health condition of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Underlying health condition
range: Person

may interacts with
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Pharmaceutical preparation
range: Pharmaceutical preparation

may not interacts with
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Pharmaceutical preparation
range: Pharmaceutical preparation

not approved by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Pharmaceutical preparation
range: Organization

ongoing medication
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Present medical history
range: Pharmaceutical preparation

belongs to
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: mutation
domain: Mutation
range: GeneticFinding

collected specimen
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: test sample collected at
domain: Place
range: Specimen
alternative label: collected test sample

first detectedIn
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is origin of
domain: Variant
range: Place
comment: "FirstDetectedIn" is a notation used to indicate the country or region where a specific variant of SARS-CoV-2 was first detected or identified. For example, the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, also known as the UK variant, was first detected in the United Kingdom. The P.1 variant, also known as the Brazilian variant, was first detected in Brazil. This notation is often used in scientific and public health literature to describe and track the spread of different variants of SARS-CoV-2.
alternative label: Origin

gene of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has gene
domain: Gene
range: Virus

VGO genomeSeqeunceTestResultOf
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: VGO genomeSequenceTestResult
domain: Test result
range: Specimen
comment: genome seqeunce test result of

VGO genomeSequenceTestResult
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Specimen
range: Test result
comment: genome sequence test result

has assembly method
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is assembly method of
domain: Specimen
range: AssemblyMethod
comment: 'hasAssemblyMethod' refers to the method or technique used to assemble a genome sequence. It is typically used in the context of genomic sequencing data, where multiple sequencing reads are assembled together to form a complete genome sequence. The 'hasAssemblyMethod' property can be used to provide information about the specific method used to generate the genome sequence data, such as the software tools, parameters, and quality control measures used in the assembly process.

has characteristic mutation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is characteristic mutation of
domain: Variant
range: Mutation
comment: Variant has characteristic mutation refers to a specific mutation or set of mutations that is characteristic or unique to a particular variant of a virus, such as SARS-CoV-2. Characteristic mutations can help in identifying and tracking the spread of a variant and assessing its potential impact on disease transmission and severity. For example, the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a set of mutations including L452R and P681R, which have been associated with increased transmissibility and vaccine resistance.

has descendant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is descendant of
domain: Variant
range: Variant
comment: 'hasDescendant' refers to the fact that a SARS-CoV-2 variant may have descendant variants that share similar genetic mutations but with additional differences. This relationship between variants can be represented as a hierarchical tree structure.

has gene
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Virus
range: Gene
comment: 'hasGene' refers to the fact that SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that has a genetic material consisting of RNA, which codes for various proteins, including the spike (S) protein that enables the virus to enter human cells. The genetic material of the virus is organized into multiple genes that perform various functions during the viral life cycle, such as replication, transcription, and translation.

has mutation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is mutation of
domain: Variant
range: Mutation
comment: hasMutation is a relationship indicating that a particular SARS-CoV-2 variant has a specific mutation(s) in its genome. For example, the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 has several mutations in the spike protein, including L452R and T478K.

has originating lab
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is originating lab of
domain: Specimen
range: Diagnostic lab
comment: hasOriginatingLab is a relationship indicating that a specimen was tested for SARS-CoV-2 at a particular laboratory. This relationship can be used to track the testing and diagnostic process for individuals who have been tested for the virus.

has protein
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: of gene
domain: Gene
range: Protein

has sample
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: sample of
domain: Person
range: Specimen

has sampling strategy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is sampling strategy of
domain: Specimen
range: Sampling strategy

has sequencing technology
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is sequencing technology of
domain: Specimen
range: Sequencing technology
comment: 'hasSequencingTechnology' refers to the sequencing technology used to sequence the genetic material (RNA or DNA) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a specimen.

has submitting lab
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is submitting lab of
domain: Test result
range: Diagnostic lab
comment: hasSubmittingLab' implies that a test result entity has a submitting laboratory entity. The submitting laboratory entity refers to the laboratory that submitted the sample for testing and produced the test result. This relationship can be used to track the source of the test result and to help with contact tracing and outbreak investigations.

has variant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is variant of
domain: Virus
range: Variant
comment: hasVariant is a relationship between a virus and a variant of that virus. It indicates which variant of the virus is present in a particular sample or individual. This relationship is important for tracking the spread and prevalence of different variants over time and across geographic locations.

host
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: host of
domain: Specimen
range: Host

host of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Host
range: Specimen

is assembly method of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: AssemblyMethod
range: Specimen

is characteristic mutation of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Mutation
range: Variant

is descendant of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Variant
range: Variant

is genetically related
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Variant
range: Variant

is mutation of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Mutation
range: Variant

is originating lab of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Diagnostic Lab
range: Specimen

is sampling strategy of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Sampling strategy
range: Specimen

is sequencing technology of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Sequencing technology
range: Specimen

is submitting lab of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Diagnostic Lab
range: Test result

is variant of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Variant
range: Virus

most recent genome sequence test result
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: most recent genome sequence test result of
domain: Specimen
range: Test result
comment: The term "most recent genome sequence test result" is a relationship between a person and their most recent COVID-19 genome sequence test result. It indicates that the person has undergone a COVID-19 genome sequence test, and the result of that test is the most recent one available for that person. This information is important in tracking the spread of the virus and identifying individuals who may need to be isolated or treated to prevent further transmission.

most recent genome sequence test result of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Test result
range: Specimen

mutation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: GeneticFinding
range: Mutation

occurred in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: protein of
domain: Mutation
range: Protein

of gene
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Protein
range: Gene

protein of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Protein
range: Mutation

sample of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Specimen
range: Person

test sample collected at
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Specimen
range: Place
alternative label: specimen collected at

has response component
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
inverse of: is response component of
domain: Response
range: Response component
comment: A response component.

imposed preventive measure
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is part of response component
domain: Response component
range: Preventive measure

is part of response component
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Preventive measure
range: Response component

is part of weather information
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: weather condition
domain: Weather condition
range: Weather information

is response component of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is part of
domain: Response component
range: Response
comment: a response component

is response of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: response to Covid-19
domain: Response
range: Agent

is target of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: target
range: Response component

response to Covid-19
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Agent
range: Response

target
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Response component

weather condition
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Weather information
range: Weather condition

administered on
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is vaccinated with
domain: Vaccine
range: Person

age group
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is age group for
domain: Statistics
range: Age Group
comment: A property to link between a resource (e.g., vaccination statistics) to its target age group.

caretaker
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has close relationship
inverse of: is caretaker of
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: a custodian who is hired to take care of something (property or a person).

cause disease
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: is caused by
domain: Virus
range: Disease
comment: a variant causes a disease, like COVID-19.

cleaners
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person

co-worker
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: Two persons in co-worker relation.

conducted test
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: test conducted in
domain: Medical organization
range: Test result

contained in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: contains
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Agent
  union of: Place
range: Place
comment: Indicates a place has a place part.

contains
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Agent
  union of: Place
range: Place
comment: A place is part of another place.

contracted virus from
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: passed virus to
domain: Agent
range: Agent
comment: In case the patient contracted the virus from is known, this property mentions the case number of the "patinet" [source: https://www.isibang.ac.in/~athreya/incovid19/data.html]

currentResident
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: is current resident of
domain: Person
range: Place
comment: The Place (typically a City but could be a building, state, etc.) where a Person currently lives

detected
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is diagnosed during
domain: Disgnosis type
range: Disease
alternative label: disinterred

driver
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: the driver of a flight/ train/ bus/ taxi/ auto rickshaw, etc.

exposed environmental condition of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has exposure to
domain: Environmental condition
range: Person

facility type
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is facility type of
domain: Hospital
range: COVID-19 care facility

friend
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has close relationship
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: a person you know well and regard with affection and trust.

gender
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: gender of
domain: Person
range: Gender type

gender of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Gender type
range: Person

given treatment
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is given to
domain: Patient
range: Treatment

has antibody test
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is antibody test for
domain: Disease
range: COVID-19 serological testing
comment: Antibody tests (aka serology tests) is a test that diagonise if you have had a past infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. Your body creates antibodies after getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or after getting vaccinated against COVID-19. These tests are called “antibody” or “serology” tests.

has aunt
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: kins women
inverse of: isAuntOf
comment: The sister of your father or mother; the wife of your uncle.

has brother
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has sibling
sub property of: kinsman
inverse of: is brother of
domain: Person
comment: A male with the same parents as someone else.

has child
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has family member
inverse of: has parent
domain: Person
range: Person

has city
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contained in
domain: Place

has close relationship
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person

has comorbid chronic disease
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: is comorbid chronic disease of
domain: Person
range: Disorder
comment: listed specific comorbidity per case.

has country
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contained in
domain: Place
range: Country

has cousin
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has family member
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person

has covid-19 clinical facility
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is covid-19 clinical facility for
domain: Coronavirus disease
range: COVID-19 testing facility
comment: The medical clinic where testing/ diagnosis for COVID-19 disease is available.

has daughter
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has child
domain: Person
range: Woman

has diagnosis
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is diagnosis for
domain: Person
range: Diagnosis
comment: The diagnosis details of a patient.

has diagnostic procedure
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is diagnostic procedure of
domain: Disease
range: Diagnosis
comment: Type of test done (e.g., RT PCR, Anitigen, Antybody)
alternative label: has diagnostic technique

has district
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contained in
domain: Place
range: District

domestic help
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has close relationship
inverse of: is domestic help for
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: A person is a domestic help to anothe person.

has exposure to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
range: Environmental condition

has family member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person

has father
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has parent
domain: Person
range: Man

has husband
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: spouse
inverse of: has wife
domain: Woman
range: Man

has member
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is member of
domain: Group
range: Agent

has mother
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has parent
domain: Person
range: Woman

has neighbor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person

has nephew
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: kinsman
inverse of: isNephewOf
comment: A son of your brother or sister.

has niece
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: kins women
inverse of: isNieceOf
comment: A daughter of your brother or sister.

has parent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has family member
domain: Person
range: Person

has part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is part of
domain: Thing
range: Thing
comment: something determined in relation to something that includes it (source: WordNet)
alternative label: has component

has past illness
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is past illness of
domain: Person
range: Disease

has present illness
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is present illness of
domain: Person
range: Disease

has relationships
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: A generic property to store the relationships between persons.

roommate
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has close relationship
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: An associate who shares a room with you.

has sibling
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has family member
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person

has sister
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has sibling
sub property of: kins women
inverse of: is sister of
comment: A female person who has the same parents as another person.

has social history
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is social history of
domain: Person
range: Social history

has son
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has child
domain: Person
range: Man

spouse
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has close relationship
sub property of: has family member
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: Two persons in married relationship.

has state
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contained in
domain: Place
range: State
alternative label: has province

has statistics
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is statistics of
domain: Disease
range: Statistics
comment: A generic property to connect to the metrics related to the casualities, vaccination, resources, tests, etc. of the disease.

has symptom
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is symptom of patient
domain: Person
domain: Patient
range: Symptom
comment: Any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease.

has test result
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is test result of
domain: Specimen
range: Test result

has travel companion
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Person
range: Person

has treatment
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is treatment of
domain: Disease
range: Treatment

has uncle
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: kinsman
inverse of: isUncleOf
comment: The brother of your father or mother; the husband of your aunt.

has union territory
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contained in
domain: Place
range: Union Territory

has viral test
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is viral test for
domain: Disease
range: COVID-19 nucleic acid testing
comment: Viral tests for SARS-CoV-2 tell you if you have an infection at the time of the test. This type of test is called a “viral” test because it looks for viral infection.

has vital sign
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is vital sign of
domain: Person
range: Vital sign
comment: A patient has clinical test result.

has wife
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: spouse
domain: Man
range: Woman

is age group for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Age Group
range: Statistics

is antibody test for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: COVID-19 serological testing
range: Disease

is brother of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has sibling
sub property of: kinsman

is caretaker of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has close relationship
domain: Person
range: Person

is caused by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Disease
range: Virus

is comorbid chronic disease of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Disorder
range: Person

is coverage of
type: ObjectProperty

is covid-19 clinical facility for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: COVID-19 testing facility
range: Coronavirus disease

is current resident of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Place
range: Person

is diagnosed during
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Disease
range: Disgnosis type

is diagnosis for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Diagnosis
range: Person
label: is diagnosis of
label: isDiagnosisFor

is diagnostic procedure of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Diagnosis
range: Disease
alternative label: is diagnostic technique of

is domestic help for
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has close relationship
domain: Person
range: Person

is facility type of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: COVID-19 care facility
range: Hospital

is given to
type: ObjectProperty

is location of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: location
domain: Place

is member of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Agent
range: Group

is nationality of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Country
range: Person

is occupation of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Occupation
range: Person

is organization type of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: organization type
domain: Organization type
range: Organization

is origin of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Place
range: Variant

is part of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Thing
range: Thing
comment: a thing part in relation to something.
alternative label: is component of

is past illness of
type: ObjectProperty

is permanent resident of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: permanent resident
domain: Person
range: Place

is place of death of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: place of death
domain: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Place
range: Person

is present illness of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Disease
range: Person

is sister of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has sibling
sub property of: kins women

is social history of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Social history
range: Person

is spatial coverage of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is coverage of

is statistics of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Statistics
range: Disease

is status of patient
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: patient status
domain: Status
range: Person
range: Class
  union of: Person
  union of: Specimen

is suspected reason of catching covid-19 for patient
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: suspected reasons of catching covid-19
domain: Exposure to COVID-19
range: Person

is symptom of patient
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Symptom
range: Person
range: Patient

is temporal coverage of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is coverage of

is test result of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Test result
range: Specimen

is travel history of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: travel history
domain: Travel history
range: Class
  union of: Agent
  union of: Exposure to COVID-19

is treatment of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Treatment
range: Disease

is vaccinated with
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
range: Vaccine
alternative label: vaccine administered

is viral test for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: COVID-19 nucleic acid testing
range: Disease

is vital sign of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: Person

kinsman
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has family member
range: Man
comment: A male relative.

kins women
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has family member
range: Woman
comment: A female relative.

lift man
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person

location
type: ObjectProperty
range: Place
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: The location of for example where a person is situated, an organization (covid-19 dedicated facilities, medical clinics) is located.

milk vendor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person

most recent vital sign
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has vital sign
inverse of: most recent vital sign of
domain: Person
range: Vital sign
comment: The most recent covid-19 clinical findings of viral signs.

most recent vital sign of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: Person

next of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: previous of

next vital sign
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: previous vital sign
domain: Vital sign
range: Vital sign
comment: The next clinical vital sign of a patient.

organization type
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Organization
range: Organization type

passed virus to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Agent
range: Agent

patient status
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
domain: Class
  union of: Person
  union of: Specimen
range: Status

permanent resident
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
range: Place
comment: The Place (typically a City but could be a building, State, etc.) that a Person has as their permanent home.

place of death
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
range: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Place
comment: Place of death, e.g., hospital, house, or any other facility

previous of
type: ObjectProperty

previous vital sign
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: Vital sign
comment: The previous clinical vital sign of a patient.

security guard
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person
comment: A security guard of a person.

suspected reasons of catching covid-19
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
range: Exposure to COVID-19
comment: The suspected reasons of catching covid-19 disease, for example, travel, attending a marriage anniversary, while treating a patient, infected famility member.

test conducted in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Test result
range: Medical organization

transit
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Travel history
range: Place
comment: A covid-19 patient, or a suspected object who is the cause for sperading the virus to others transit through a place.

travel history
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Agent
  union of: Exposure to COVID-19
range: Travel history

travelled from
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Travel history
range: Place
comment: A covid-19 patient, or a suspected object who is the cause for sperading the virus to others travelled from a place.

travelled to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Travel history
range: Place
comment: A covid-19 patient, or a suspected object who is the cause for sperading the virus to others travelled to a place.

vaccination status
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: vaccination status of
domain: Person
range: Vaccine shot

vaccination status of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Vaccine shot
range: Person

vegetable vendor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has relationships
domain: Person
range: Person

description
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Thing
range: string

name
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: A name for some thing.

address
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: address
domain: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
range: string
comment: Physical address of the item.

address locality
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: address
range: string
comment: The locality in which the street address is, and which is in the region. For example, BHEL Layout.

latitude
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Place
range: decimal
comment: The latitude of a location. For example 37.42242

longitude
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Place
range: decimal
comment: The longitude of a location. For example -122.08585.

postal code
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: address
range: string
comment: The postal code. For example, 560060

street address
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: address
range: string
comment: The street address. For example, 1st Main, Muthurainagara.

BMI
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: integer
comment: measures in kg/m2.

dose
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Medication
range: string

drug code
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Medication
range: string

frequency
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Medication
range: string

is pregnant
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Person
range: boolean

medication company name
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Medication
range: string

medication name
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Medication
range: string

route
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Pharmaceutical preparation
range: string

strenght
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Medication
range: string

cumulative first dose vaccine administered
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: vaccination
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Cumulative total number of first dose vaccinated till date.

cumulative second dose vaccine administered
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: vaccination
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Cumulative total number of second dose vaccinated till date.

DBP
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: integer
label: Distolic Blood Pressure
alternative label: Blood Pressure (Distolic)
alternative label: Distolic blood pressure

SBP
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: integer
label: Systolic Blood Pressure
alternative label: Blood Pressure (Systolic)
alternative label: Systolic blood pressure

SpO2
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: integer
comment: The peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, an estimate (in %) of the amount of oxygen in the blood.
label: peripheral capillary oxygen saturation(SpO2)

GISAIDclade name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: name
domain: Variant
range: string
comment: The GISAID nomenclature There are many thousands of complete and high-coverage genomes available on the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID). GISAID separates the clades of SARS-CoV-2 into S, O, L, V, G, GH, GR, GV, and GRY. The S and L clades were around at the beginning of the pandemic. S continued to be prevalent initially whilst L split into G and V. G further split into GR and GH, and then later GV. GR split into GRY after July 2020. The letters come from the mutations that caused them to branch. The G clade is equivalent to PANGO B.1 lineage, with GR representing PANGO B.1.1 lineage. The S clade is equivalent to PANGO A lineage (the original virus, sequence zero, used as the reference), and the V strand is PANGO B.2 lineage. L is another eaerly lineage. O stands for others that do not match the genetic criteria of the other clades. At the beginning of the pandemic, in January 2020, the L, S and O clades had the majority. These all decreased as the G clade and its descendants increased in proportion over the next year. As of March 2021, the L, S and O clades constitute almost nothing, with the new GRY clade taking up the biggest proportion of the G clades. The GRY clade represents the B.1.1.7 strain that originated in Britain and has since spread across the globe to over 90 countries.

ICTV name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: name
domain: Variant
range: string
comment: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is an organization that is responsible for establishing and maintaining a standardized system for the classification and nomenclature of viruses. The ICTV was established in 1966 and is made up of a group of virologists from around the world who work together to develop and refine the rules and guidelines for virus taxonomy. The organization is affiliated with the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) and is recognized as the official taxonomic authority for viruses by the World Health Organization (WHO). The ICTV's main role is to develop and maintain a hierarchical classification system for viruses that is based on their genetic and biological characteristics. This system includes several levels of classification, such as family, genus, and species, which are used to group viruses together based on their similarities and differences. The ICTV also establishes the rules and guidelines for the naming of viruses and their variants, which helps to ensure that viruses are identified and classified consistently across different research groups and organizations. Overall, the ICTV plays a critical role in advancing our understanding of viruses and their impact on human health and the environment, by providing a standardized framework for virus taxonomy and nomenclature that is recognized and used by scientists around the world.

NEXTSTRAINclade name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: name
domain: Variant
range: string
comment: Nextstrain nomenclature Alternatively, Nextstrain divides the SARS-CoV-2 strains into 19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D, 20E, 20F, 20G, 20H, 20I, 20 J. Phylogenetic trees and geographical/ temporal maps can be viewed for these classifications here. Within these clades, 19B is the original reference strain. 20I/501Y.V1 refers to the B.1.1.7 variant that originated in Britain; 20H/501Y.V2 refers to the B.1.351 strain that originated in South Africa; and 20J/501Y.V3 refers to the P.1 strain that originated and spread from Brazil.

PANGO name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: name
domain: Variant
range: string
comment: PANGOLIN nomenclature The Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (PANGOLIN) software team proposed nomenclature for the SARS-CoV-2 clades in a Rambaut et al. (2020) article. This contains the main lineages of A, B, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.177 and B.1.1.7. These lineages divide up further. The generally used names of strains e.g. the B.1.1.7 (British originating) and B.1.351 (South African originating) strain derive from this. A is the original strain used as a reference sequence.

SIG name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: name
domain: Variant
range: string
comment: The SIG Variant classification scheme defines four classes of SARS-CoV-2 variants: Variant Being Monitored (VBM), Alpha (B.1.1.7 and Q lineages) Beta (B.1.351 and descendent lineages) Gamma (P.1 and descendent lineages) Delta (B.1.617.2 and AY lineages) Epsilon (B.1.427 and B.1.429) Eta (B.1.525) Iota (B.1.526) Kappa (B.1.617.1) 1.617.3 Mu (B.1.621, B.1.621.1) Zeta (P.2) Variant of Interest (VOI) Variant of Concern (VOC) Omicron (B.1.1.529, BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4 and BA.5 lineages) Variant of High Consequence (VOHC)

WHO name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: name
domain: Variant
range: string
comment: WHO has assigned simple, easy to say and remember labels for key variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, using letters of the Greek alphabet. These labels were chosen after wide consultation and a review of many potential naming systems. WHO convened an expert group of partners from around the world to do so, including experts who are part of existing naming systems, nomenclature and virus taxonomic experts, researchers and national authorities. These labels do not replace existing scientific names (e.g. those assigned by GISAID, Nextstrain and Pango), which convey important scientific information and will continue to be used in research. (https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants)

additional host information
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Specimen
range: string

additional location information
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Specimen
range: string

comment
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Specimen
range: string

coverage
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Specimen
range: string
comment: e.g. 70x, 1,000x, 10,000x (average)

GISAID sample accession id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: sample accession id
domain: Specimen
range: string

outbreak detail
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Specimen
range: string
comment: "Date, Location e.g. type of gathering, Family cluster, etc."

patient age
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Specimen
range: integer

sample accession id
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Specimen
range: string
comment: It refers to a patient's sample/speciman collection accession id.

sample collection date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Specimen
range: dateTime

cloud cover
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float

heat index
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float
comment: The 'Heat Index' is a measure of how hot weather "feels" to the body. The combination of temperature an humidity produce an "apparent temperature" or the temperature the body "feels".

humidity
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float
alternative label: relative humidity

maximum temperature
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: temperature (weather)
domain: Weather information
range: float
comment: Maximum weather temperature
alternative label: max. temperature

minimum temperature
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: temperature (weather)
domain: Weather information
range: float
comment: Minimum weather temperature.
alternative label: min. temperature

precipitation
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float

temperature (weather)
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float
alternative label: weather temperature

wind direction
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float

wind gust
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float
comment: A gust or wind gust is a brief increase in the speed of the wind, usually less than 20 seconds.
comment: A sudden increase in wind speed above the average wind speed.

wind speed
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather information
range: float

acronym
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Thing
range: string
comment: An acronym.

active cases
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Number of active covid cases.

address
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Agent
range: string

admitted on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Patient
range: dateTime
comment: A patient admitted on a particular day and time.
label: date of admission

age
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Person
range: decimal
range: string
comment: An age of a person.

area
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Place
range: decimal
comment: Tthe extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary (in sq. km.).

bed needed
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: resource
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: The number of beds that are required to accommodate the patients (whether suspected or confirmed COVID-19).

bed occupied
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: resource
range: integer
comment: Total number of beds that are occupied.

bed shortage
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: resource
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: number of bed shortage.

booster dose vaccine administered on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Person
range: dateTime

case fatality rate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: float
comment: The proportion of people diagnosed with a certain disease e.g., (COVID-19), who end up dying of it. A CFR is generally expressed as a percentage
alternative label: case-fatality risk

case on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Statistics
range: dateTime
comment: covid-19 cases on a day

cases
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: metrics
domain: Statistics
comment: Number of covid cases.

country code
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Country
range: string
comment: The country code. Example, "IND" for India.

cumulative decease
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Number of cumulative decease patients

cumulative discharge
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Number of cumulative discharge

cumulative positive cases
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Number of cumulative positive cases

cumulative total RT-PCR test
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: test
range: integer
comment: The cumulative total number of RT-PCR test.

cumulative total rapid antigen detection test
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: test
range: integer
comment: The cumulative total number of rapid antigen detection test.

cumulative total tests
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: test
range: integer
comment: The total cumulative number of tests.

cumulative total vaccine administered
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: vaccination
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Cumulative total number of vaccine.

daily case
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer

daily decease
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Daily number of deceased covid-19 patients.
alternative label: daily death

daily discharge
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Number of daily discharge patient

daily first dose vaccine administered
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: vaccination
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: First dose of vaccination administered daily.
alternative label: daily 1st dose vaccine administered

daily increased cases
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Total no,. of active cases in Date 2 - total no. of active cases in Date 1

daily RT-PCR test
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: test
range: integer
comment: The number of daily RT-PCR test.

daily rapid antigen detection test
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: test
range: integer
comment: The number of daily rapid antigen detection test.

daily second dose vaccine administered
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: vaccination
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Second dose of vaccination administered daily.
alternative label: daily 2nd dose vaccine administered

daily total test
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: test
range: integer
comment: The number of daily total tests.

daily total vaccine administered
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: vaccination
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: The daily total vaccine administered.

date
type: DatatypeProperty
range: dateTime
comment: A particular day specified as the time something happens. Value format: 2021-08-11T00:00:00

date of designation
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime

date of onset of symptom
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Patient
range: dateTime
comment: date when the case began exhibiting symptoms. The initial date of reported symptoms.

diagnosed on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Diagnosis
range: dateTime
comment: The diagnosis took place on a day.
see also: date of confirmation
alternative label: tested positive on

district wise patient ID
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: patient id
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string
comment: The patient ID assigned at the district level (usually a first level of administrative division within a state/ province).

end date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime

event date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime

first dose vaccine administered on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Person
range: dateTime

geo name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: name
domain: Place

had covid test
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Person
range: boolean

has caused any secondary infections
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Patient
range: boolean
comment: This indiicates the the secondary infections caused, if any. The values are either "yes", "no" and indicate if the patient has caused any [known] secondary infections [source: https://www.isibang.ac.in/~athreya/incovid19/data.html].

has travelled to covid-19 area
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Person
range: boolean

Heart rate
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: integer
comment: The rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health.

height
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Person
range: decimal

icu bed needed
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: resource
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: no. of invasive ventilators needed.

icu bed shortage
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: resource
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: no. of icu bed shortage.

invasive ventilator needed
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: resource
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: no. of invasive ventilators needed.

last vaccinated on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Person
range: dateTime

length of hospital stay
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Person
range: string

metrics
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Statistics
comment: A generic property to provide the result related to the covid-19 disease casualties, resources, tests, and vaccinations.

patient id
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string

people migrated
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Number of people migrated after recovery from the covid.

population
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Place
range: positiveInteger

population density
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Place
range: decimal
comment: For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometre or square mile, and which may include or exclude for example areas of water or glaciers.

positivity rate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: float
comment: The percentage of people who test positive for the virus of those overall who have been tested.

recovered
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: Number of people recovered from covid.

recovery rate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: cases
domain: Statistics
range: decimal
comment: The rate of recovery of COVID-19 patients in percentage.

date of discharge
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Patient
range: dateTime
comment: The patient released on a day from a covid dedicated facility.
alternative label: out date
alternative label: released on

resource
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: metrics
comment: Available/ required resource for covid treatment.

respiratory rate
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: integer
comment: Is the number of breaths a person take per minute.

second dose vaccine administered on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Person
range: dateTime

start date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
range: dateTime

state code
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: State
range: string
comment: State (province) code. Example, "KL" of Kerala.

state wise patient ID
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: patient id
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string
comment: The patient ID assigned at the state/province level.

body temperature
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Vital sign
range: decimal
comment: The body temperature.

test result on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Test result
range: dateTime
comment: The test result date.

vaccination
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: metrics
domain: Statistics

vaccine refused
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: vaccination
domain: Statistics
range: integer
comment: The number of people refused to take vacine.

vital sign result on
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: date
domain: Vital sign
range: dateTime
comment: The date of vital sign observed.

weight
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Person
range: decimal
comment: The weight.

working in healthcare setting
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Person
range: boolean

working in high risk transmission area
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Person
range: boolean

Symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical Finding
comment: A symptom is a perceived change in function, sensation, loss, disturbance or appearance reported by a patient indicative of a disease.
comment: Source: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FinalGuidanceonMangaementofCovidcasesversion2.pdf https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses

Covid testing facility
type: Class
equivalent class: COVID-19 testing facility
subclass of: Medical clinic
comment: A Medical clinic where testing for the COVID-19 Coronavirus disease is available.

Medical clinic
type: Class
equivalent class: Medical clinic
subclass of: Medical Organization
comment: A facility, often associated with a hospital or medical school, that is devoted to the specific diagnosis and/or healthcare.

Medical Organization
type: Class
comment: A medical organization (physical or not), such as hospital, institution or clinic.

COVID-19 vaccine
type: Class
equivalent class: COVID‑19 vaccine
subclass of: Thing
comment: Vaccine product against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (medicinal product).
alternative label: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Formal Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: An Organization which is recognized in the world at large, in particular in legal jurisdictions, with associated rights and responsibilities. Examples include a corporation, charity, government or church.

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
comment: A group of people who work together.
comment: Represents a collection of people organized together into a community or other social, commercial or political structure. The group has some common purpose or reason for existence which goes beyond the set of people belonging to it and can act as an Agent. Organizations are often decomposable into hierarchical structures.

Organizational unit
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: An Organization such as a department or support unit which is part of some larger Organization and only has full recognition within the context of that Organization. In particular the unit would not be regarded as a legal entity in its own right.
alternative label: Department

Agent
type: Class
comment: An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact).

Group
type: Class
subclass of: Agent

Person
type: Class
equivalent class: Human
subclass of: Agent
comment: A human being.

Diagnostic Lab
type: Class
equivalent class: Diagnostic lab
subclass of: Medical organization
comment: A medical laboratory that offers on-site or off-site diagnostic services.

Gender type
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Female
  one of: Male
  one of: Other sexual orientation
comment: An enumeration of genders.

Occupation
type: Class
equivalent class: Occupation
subclass of: Risk factor
comment: A profession, may involve prolonged training and/or a formal qualification.
comment: Occupation refers to a person's job or profession. It plays a role in determining the level of exposure to various hazards, including infectious diseases, chemicals, physical risks, and other occupational health and safety concerns. Source: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.osha.gov/

Patient
type: Class
equivalent class: Patient
subclass of: Person
comment: A patient is any person recipient of health care services.

Place
type: Class
equivalent class: Place

Administrative area
type: Class
subclass of: Place

Age factor
type: Class
subclass of: Risk factor
comment: Age more than 60 years
comment: Age is a significant factor when considering the risk of developing certain health conditions or experiencing certain health-related events. As individuals age, the likelihood of developing certain diseases or experiencing age-related changes increases. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Ageing and Health. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

Age Group
type: Class
subclass of: Group
comment: A group people having approximately the same age.
comment: The people in a place or organization who were born during a particular period of time, for example all the people aged between 18 and 25.

Anniversary
type: Class
subclass of: Gathering

Business organization
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Organization
comment: A business organization.

COVID-19 care facility
type: Class
subclass of: Place
comment: Any facility for providing care to COVID-19 patients.
comment: source: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FinalGuidanceonMangaementofCovidcasesversion2.pdf https://covid19.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Isolation%20Centers/en

COVID-19 diagnosis
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnosis
comment: COVID-19 diagnosis algorithm source: https://covid19.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/GENERAL%20INFORMATION/en
comment: The diagnosis as COVID-19 patient. The diagnosied COVID-19 patients are categorised to three different categories/cases based on various clinical test and vital signs.

COVID-19 nucleic acid testing
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 testing
comment: A Nucleic Acid Amplification Test, or NAAT, is a type of viral diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. NAATs detect genetic material (nucleic acids). NAATs for SARS-CoV-2 specifically identify the RNA (ribonucleic acid) sequences that comprise the genetic material of the virus. (Source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/naats.html)
comment: A nucleic acid test, often called a "NAT", (or nucleic acid amplification test - "NAAT") is a molecular technique used to detect a virus or a bacterium. (Source: https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Nucleic_acid_test)
comment: Tests for SARS-CoV-2 tell you if you have an infection at the time of the test. This type of test is called a “viral” test because it looks for viral infection. (source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html)
comment: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2052218
alternative label: Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)

COVID-19 serological testing
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 testing
comment: COVID-19 serology test or Antibody tests is a test that diagonise if you have had a past infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. Your body creates antibodies after getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or after getting vaccinated against COVID-19. These tests are called “antibody” or “serology” tests.
comment: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2052219
alternative label: COVID-19 Antibody Test

COVID-19 symtom classification by WHO
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

COVID-19 testing
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical laboratory techniques
comment: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an illness caused by a virus. This virus is a new coronavirus that has spread throughout the world. It is called SARS-CoV-2. There are two types of tests for this virus: (1) A viral test tells you if you have a current infection; (2) An antibody (serology) test might tell you if you had a past infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (MEDLINEPLUS)
comment: Diagnosis of COVID-19 by assaying bodily fluids or tissues for the presence of COVID-19 antibodies, SARS-COV-2 antigens or the VIRAL RNA of SARS-COV-2. (MSH)
comment: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2052196

COVID-19 testing facility
type: Class
subclass of: Medical clinic

COVID-19 treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment
comment: A treatment for the COVID-19 disease.

Acid reducer
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: medication or acid-reducing drug, refers to a type of medication that helps decrease the production of stomach acid or neutralize existing acid in the stomach. Acid reducers are commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and acid-related indigestion. Source: Mayo Clinic. (2021). Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959 Acid reducers work by either blocking the production of acid in the stomach or by directly neutralizing the acid. Common types of acid reducers include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor blockers (H2 blockers). PPIs inhibit the enzyme responsible for acid production, while H2 blockers reduce acid production by blocking certain receptors in the stomach. These medications are available both over-the-counter (OTC) and by prescription, depending on the specific drug and dosage. It is important to follow the instructions provided by healthcare professionals or the product label and consult a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.
alternative label: Antacid

Adverse effect
type: Class
comment: Adverse effect refers to an undesirable or harmful outcome that occurs as a result of medical treatment, intervention, medication, or exposure to a substance. Adverse effects can range from mild discomfort or inconvenience to severe complications or harm. These effects can include side effects, allergic reactions, complications, or unintended consequences. Sources: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Understanding Unapproved Use of Approved Drugs "Off Label" World Health Organization (WHO): Safety Monitoring of Medicinal Products National Institutes of Health (NIH): MedlinePlus - Drug Reactions

Age between 18 to 64
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: age
    some values from: Datatype
      on datatype: decimal
      with restrictions:
        min inclusive: 18
      with restrictions:
        max exclusive: 65
subclass of: Age factor
comment: AgeBetween18To64 refers to individuals whose age falls within the range of 18 to 64 years. It represents an age group commonly used in demographic categorization, research studies, and various contexts that require age-based criteria.
alternative label: Adult

Allergy medication
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Allergy medication refers to medications that are specifically designed to alleviate the symptoms associated with allergies. These medications aim to reduce or block the body's immune response to allergens, thus providing relief from symptoms such as sneezing, itching, runny nose, congestion, and watery eyes. There are several types of allergy medications available, including: Antihistamines: Antihistamines work by blocking the effects of histamine, a chemical released by the body during an allergic reaction. They help reduce itching, sneezing, and runny nose. Antihistamines can be classified as first-generation (e.g., diphenhydramine) or second-generation (e.g., cetirizine, loratadine) based on their sedative effects. Decongestants: Decongestants help relieve nasal congestion by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages. They can be found in both oral and nasal spray forms. However, nasal spray decongestants should be used for a limited duration to avoid rebound congestion. Nasal Corticosteroids: Nasal corticosteroids are available as nasal sprays and work by reducing inflammation in the nasal passages. They provide long-term relief from nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing. Mast Cell Stabilizers: Mast cell stabilizers, available as nasal sprays or eye drops, prevent the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances. They are used to prevent allergic reactions and provide relief from symptoms. Combination Medications: Some allergy medications combine antihistamines with decongestants to provide both symptom relief and nasal congestion relief. It's important to note that the choice of allergy medication depends on the specific symptoms, the individual's age, medical history, and the guidance of a healthcare professional. It's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider or allergist for proper diagnosis and treatment of allergies. Sources: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI). Allergy Medications Guide. Retrieved from: htt…

Anti-Infective
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Anti-infectives, also known as antimicrobial agents or antibiotics, are medications used to treat infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These medications work by inhibiting the growth or killing the microorganisms responsible for the infection. Anti-infectives are a vital tool in healthcare for combating infectious diseases and preventing their spread. There are different classes of anti-infective medications, including: Antibiotics: Antibiotics are primarily used to treat bacterial infections. They can target and kill bacteria or inhibit their growth. Examples include penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Antivirals: Antiviral medications are used to treat viral infections by targeting specific steps in the viral replication cycle. They can help reduce the severity and duration of viral illnesses such as influenza, herpes, HIV, and hepatitis. Antifungals: Antifungal medications are used to treat fungal infections, such as candidiasis (yeast infections) or dermatophytosis (ringworm). They can be used topically or systemically, depending on the severity and location of the infection. Antiparasitic agents: Antiparasitic medications are used to treat infections caused by parasites, such as malaria, helminth infections, or protozoal infections. These medications can kill or inhibit the growth of parasites. It's important to note that the choice of anti-infective medication depends on the type of infection, the causative microorganism, its susceptibility, and other patient-specific factors. It's crucial to use these medications appropriately, following the prescribed dosage and duration, to ensure effective treatment and minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance. Sources: World Health Organization (WHO). Antimicrobial Resistance. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/antimicrobial-resistance Mayo Clinic. Antibiotics: Uses and resistance. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyl…

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics
comment: Antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir, are designed to directly target the replication and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within the body.

Anti diabetic medication
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Anti-diabetic medications are a group of medications used to manage and treat diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. These medications aim to regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, either by increasing insulin production or enhancing its effectiveness in the body. Source: American Diabetes Association. (2021). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 44(Supplement 1), S111-S124. Retrieved from: https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/44/Supplement_1/S111

Antiarrhythmic
type: Class
subclass of: Cardiovascular medication
comment: Antiarrhythmics are medications used to prevent or control abnormal heart rhythms, helping to maintain a regular heartbeat.

Antibiotic
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-Infective
comment: Antibiotics are a class of drugs used to treat bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth or killing bacteria. They are not effective against viral infections.

Anticoagulant
type: Class
subclass of: Cardiovascular medication
comment: Anticoagulants are drugs that prevent the formation of blood clots, reducing the risk of thrombosis or embolism.

Anticonvulsant
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Anticonvulsants, also known as antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), are medications used to treat and prevent seizures or convulsions. They are commonly prescribed for individuals with epilepsy or other seizure disorders. Anticonvulsants work by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain, preventing abnormal firing of neurons that can lead to seizures. Source: Mayo Clinic. (2021). Anticonvulsants. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/in-depth/antiseizure-medications/art-20045022 Anticonvulsants can be used to control various types of seizures, including generalized seizures (affecting both sides of the brain) and focal seizures (originating in a specific area of the brain). These medications may also have mood-stabilizing effects and are sometimes used to manage other conditions such as bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain. The choice of anticonvulsant medication depends on factors such as the type of seizures, the individual's age, overall health, and any potential drug interactions. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to adhere to the prescribed dosage, as abrupt changes in medication or dosing can trigger seizures.

Antidepressant
type: Class
subclass of: Neuropsychiatric medication
comment: An antidepressant is a medication used to treat depression and related mood disorders. It works by balancing neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are thought to play a role in regulating mood and emotions. Antidepressants are commonly prescribed to improve mood, alleviate symptoms of depression, and promote a sense of well-being. They are available in various classes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and others.

Antifungal
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-Infective
comment: Antifungals are drugs that are effective in treating fungal infections, preventing the growth and spread of fungi.

Antihypertensive
type: Class
subclass of: Cardiovascular medication
comment: Antihypertensives are drugs used to lower high blood pressure and manage hypertension, reducing the risk of related complications.

Antiparasitic
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-Infective
comment: Antiparasitics are medications used to treat parasitic infections by eliminating or controlling parasites in the body.

Antipsychotic
type: Class
subclass of: Neuropsychiatric medication
comment: An antipsychotic, also known as a neuroleptic, is a medication primarily used to manage psychosis and psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Antipsychotics help reduce the intensity of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, and other symptoms associated with these conditions. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps stabilize brain activity and mitigate symptoms. Antipsychotics are classified into first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) based on their specific mechanism of action.

Antiviral
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-Infective
comment: Antivirals are medications used to inhibit the replication and spread of viruses in the body, helping to treat viral infections.

Anxiolytic
type: Class
subclass of: Neuropsychiatric medication
comment: An anxiolytic is a medication prescribed to alleviate anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Also known as anti-anxiety drugs, anxiolytics work by modulating the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to produce a calming effect and reduce excessive worry or fear. These medications are commonly used to manage generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.

Bronchodilator
type: Class
subclass of: Respiratory medication
comment: Bronchodilators are medications that relax and widen the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe.

CGRP antagonist
type: Class
subclass of: Migraine reducer
comment: CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) antagonists are a novel class of medications used to prevent migraines. They work by blocking the activity of CGRP, a neuropeptide believed to play a role in the development of migraines. By inhibiting CGRP, these drugs help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines in individuals prone to recurrent attacks.

COVID-19 convalescent plasma
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics
comment: COVID-19 convalescent plasma refers to a potential treatment option for COVID-19 that involves using plasma obtained from individuals who have recovered from the disease. Convalescent plasma contains antibodies that the recovered individuals developed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2021). Recommendations for Investigational COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/recommendations-investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma

COVID-19 therapeutics
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: COVID-19 therapeutics refer to the medications and treatments used in the management and treatment of COVID-19, the respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These therapeutics aim to alleviate symptoms, reduce the severity of the disease, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1

COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
type: Class
subclass of: DDI
comment: Alteration of the disposition and/or effect of a COVID-19 therapeutic A, owing to the presence of another COVID-19 therapeutic B.
alternative label: COVID-19 therapeutics Drug-drug interaction

Calcineurin inhibitor
type: Class
subclass of: Immunosuppressant
comment: Calcineurin inhibitors are a group of immunosuppressant medications used to prevent organ rejection in transplant recipients. They work by inhibiting calcineurin, an enzyme that activates immune cells responsible for transplant rejection. By suppressing the immune response, calcineurin inhibitors help prevent the body from attacking and rejecting the transplanted organ.

Cardiovascular medication
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Cardiovascular medications are a group of medications used to manage and treat various cardiovascular conditions and diseases. These medications aim to improve heart function, regulate blood pressure, control lipid levels, prevent blood clot formation, and manage other cardiovascular-related conditions. Source: American Heart Association. (2021). Medications Used to Treat Heart Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/treatment-of-a-heart-attack/medications-used-to-treat-heart-disease

Cardiovascular system disease
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
comment: Cardiovascular system diseases, also known as heart diseases, refer to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These can include conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular diseases, and congenital heart defects.

Cerebrovascular disease
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
comment: Cerebrovascular disease refers to a group of conditions that affect the blood vessels supplying the brain. These conditions can include stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and other disorders that disrupt blood flow to the brain, leading to neurological deficits.

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor
type: Class
subclass of: Lipid-Modifier
comment: Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are medications that reduce the absorption of cholesterol from the diet, lowering cholesterol levels.

DDI
type: Class
subclass of: Drug interaction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has concommitant
  qualified cardinality: 2
  on class: Pharmaceutical preparation
comment: Alteration of the disposition and/or effect of a drug A, owing to the presence of another drug B.
alternative label: Drug-drug interaction

Disability
type: Class
subclass of: Pathological state
comment: Disability refers to a physical, cognitive, sensory, or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of an individual. Disabilities can affect mobility, communication, cognition, and other aspects of a person's life, requiring accommodations and support to facilitate equal participation in society.

Drug interaction
type: Class
comment: Drug interaction refers to the alteration or modification of the effects of a drug when it is taken in combination with another drug, food, beverage, or substance. It can result in changes in the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) or pharmacodynamics (interaction at the target site) of the drugs involved, leading to potential therapeutic or adverse effects. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Drug Interactions: What You Should Know
comment: Alteration of the disposition and/or effect of a drug, owing to the presence of another factor such as a second drug, or food.

Endothelin receptor antagonist
type: Class
subclass of: Pulmonary hypertension medication
comment: Endothelin receptor antagonists are medications that block the action of endothelin, used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension.

greater than 64
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: age
    some values from: Datatype
      on datatype: decimal
      with restrictions:
        min inclusive: 65
subclass of: Age factor
comment: GreaterThan64 refers to individuals whose age is greater than 64 years. It represents an age group that includes individuals who are 65 years old or older. This age cutoff is commonly used in demographic categorization, healthcare guidelines, and various contexts where age-based criteria are relevant.
alternative label: OlderAdult

High exposure risk occupation
type: Class
subclass of: Occupation
comment: High exposure risk occupations are those in which workers are at an increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases, including respiratory illnesses like COVID-19. These occupations involve close contact with the public, working in crowded environments, or providing healthcare or other essential services. Examples of high exposure risk occupations include: Healthcare Workers: Doctors, nurses, paramedics, and other healthcare personnel who directly care for patients in healthcare settings. First Responders: Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), paramedics, firefighters, and police officers who provide immediate emergency assistance. Public Transportation Workers: Bus drivers, subway/train operators, and other transportation employees who interact closely with the public. Essential Retail Workers: Grocery store employees, pharmacy staff, and workers in retail settings providing essential goods and services. Personal Care Workers: Home health aides, nursing home staff, and caregivers who assist individuals with personal care and daily activities. Food Service Workers: Restaurant staff, food delivery personnel, and workers in food processing facilities.

High risk patient
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Class
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has underlying health condition
        has value: COVIDRO Pregnant
      union of: Restriction
        on property: is pregnant
        has value: true
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has occupation
      some values from: High exposure risk occupation
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has immunocompromised state
      some values from: Immunocompromised state
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has underlying health condition
      some values from: Underlying health condition
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has social history
      has value: COVIDRO Alcohol
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has social history
      has value: COVIDRO PhysicalInactivity
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has social history
      has value: COVIDRO Smoking
    union of: Restriction
      on property: age
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: decimal
subclass of: Patient risk level
comment: High Risk - Age 65 or older - Underlying health conditions (e.g., chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, immunosuppression) - Immunocompromised state (e.g., organ transplant recipients, individuals undergoing cancer treatment) - Pregnancy - Occupation with high exposure risk (e.g., healthcare workers, essential workers in close contact with the public) - Social history (e.g., alcohol use, smoking habits, inactive etc.)

Immune modulator
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics
comment: Immune modulators are a category of drugs that help activate, boost, or suppress the immune function. In the case of COVID-19 infection, the immune system can become hyperactive which may result in worsening of disease. Immune modulators can help suppress this hyperinflammation.
comment: Immune modulators, such as tocilizumab and baricitinib, target specific components of the immune system to regulate the immune response and mitigate the cytokine storm that can occur in severe COVID-19 cases.

Immunocompromised state
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Immunocompromised state
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: is immunocompromised state of
        some values from: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has underlying health condition
        has value: COVIDRO Cancer
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has underlying health condition
      some values from: Organ transplant
subclass of: Risk factor
comment: Immunocompromised condition or weakened immune system Some people are immunocompromised or have a weakened immune system because of a medical condition or a treatment for a condition. This includes people who have cancer and are on chemotherapy, or who have had a solid organ transplant, like a kidney transplant or heart transplant, and are taking medication to keep their transplant. Other people have to use certain types of medicines for a long time, like corticosteroids, that weaken their immune system. One example is called primary immunodeficiency. Being immunocompromised can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19 or be sick for a longer period of time.

Immunosuppressant
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Immunosuppressants are a group of medications that suppress or reduce the activity of the immune system. They are used to modulate the body's immune response in certain conditions where an overactive or misguided immune system can lead to harmful effects. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2021). Immunosuppressants. Retrieved from: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/immunosuppressants

Interferon
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics
comment: Interferons are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the body's immune response to viral infections, including COVID-19. They are part of the innate immune system and act as signaling molecules to stimulate antiviral defenses. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1

less than 18
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: age
    some values from: Datatype
      on datatype: decimal
      with restrictions:
        max exclusive: 18
subclass of: Age factor
comment: LessThan18 refers to individuals whose age is less than 18 years. It represents an age group that includes children and adolescents who have not yet reached the age of 18. This age cutoff is commonly used in various contexts such as legal frameworks, education systems, and healthcare guidelines that involve age-based distinctions.
alternative label: Pediatric

Leukotriene receptor antagonist
type: Class
subclass of: Respiratory medication
comment: Leukotriene receptor antagonists are drugs that block the action of leukotrienes, used to manage asthma and allergies.

Lipid-Modifier
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Lipid-modifiers, also known as lipid-lowering medications or lipid-lowering agents, are a group of medications used to manage and regulate lipid levels in the body. These medications are primarily used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which are important factors in cardiovascular health. Source: American Heart Association. (2021). Cholesterol-Lowering Medications. Retrieved from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/prevention-and-treatment-of-high-cholesterol-hyperlipidemia/cholesterol-medications

Low exposure risk occupation
type: Class
subclass of: Occupation
comment: Low exposure risk occupations are those in which workers have minimal contact with the public or coworkers, reducing their risk of exposure to infectious diseases. These occupations may involve remote work or limited interaction with others. Examples of low exposure risk occupations include: Remote Office Workers: Professionals working from home or in isolated office settings with limited contact with others. Outdoor Workers: Construction workers, landscapers, and agricultural workers who work in open-air environments with minimal interaction with others. Manufacturing Workers: Employees in industrial settings where physical distancing and safety protocols can be implemented effectively. Research Scientists: Researchers working in laboratories or controlled environments with limited exposure to infectious agents. Delivery Drivers: Couriers or drivers who make contactless deliveries with minimal interaction with customers or coworkers.

Low risk patient
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Person
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has occupation
      some values from: Low exposure risk occupation
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has underlying health condition
        all values from: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: age
        some values from: Datatype
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has immunocompromised state
      all values from: Class
        complement of: Immunocompromised state
subclass of: Patient risk level
comment: Low Risk - Age below 18 years - No underlying health conditions - No immunocompromised state - Low exposure risk occupation

Medical therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment procedure
comment: Medical therapy refers to the use of medications, drugs, or other therapeutic agents to prevent, manage, or treat diseases or medical conditions. Medical therapy can involve the administration of drugs through various routes, including oral, intravenous, topical, or inhalation, among others, to achieve desired therapeutic effects.

Medication
type: Class
subclass of: Pharmaceutical preparation
comment: Medication refers to a substance or drug that is prescribed or used to prevent, treat, or manage diseases, conditions, or symptoms in humans or animals. Medications are typically formulated in specific pharmaceutical preparations and are administered through various routes such as oral, topical, injection, or inhalation, depending on the medication and its intended use. Medications can be prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or veterinarians, and are regulated by health authorities to ensure their safety, efficacy, and quality. They play a crucial role in the field of healthcare and are used to alleviate symptoms, control diseases, cure infections, manage chronic conditions, or provide relief from pain or discomfort. It's important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions for medication use to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Mental health condition
type: Class
subclass of: Pathological state
comment: A mental health condition refers to a broad range of conditions that affect an individual's emotional, psychological, and social well-being. These conditions can include mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, and other mental health-related conditions.

Migraine reducer
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Migraine reducers are a class of medications specifically designed to alleviate or reduce the symptoms associated with migraines. Migraines are recurring headaches that can cause intense pulsing or throbbing pain, often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Source: American Migraine Foundation. (2021). Migraine Treatments. Retrieved from: https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-treatments/

Moderate risk patient
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Class
      complement of: Restriction
        on property: has immunocompromised state
        some values from: Immunocompromised state
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has underlying health condition
      some values from: Underlying health condition
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has social history
      has value: COVIDRO Alcohol
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has social history
      has value: COVIDRO PhysicalInactivity
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has social history
      has value: COVIDRO Smoking
    union of: Restriction
      on property: age
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: decimal
subclass of: Patient risk level
comment: Moderate Risk - Age between 18 and 64 years - Some underlying health conditions (e.g., mild respiratory diseases, well-controlled chronic conditions) - No significant immunocompromised state - Social history (e.g., alcohol use, smoking habits, inactive etc.)

Neurological condition
type: Class
subclass of: Pathological state
comment: A neurological condition refers to a disorder or disease that affects the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurological conditions can include neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease), epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, migraines, and other disorders that impact the nervous system.

Neuropsychiatric medication
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Neuropsychiatric medications are a group of medications used to treat various mental health conditions that affect brain function and behavior. These medications can help manage symptoms associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Examples of neuropsychiatric medications include antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and stimulants. The choice of medication depends on the specific condition and individual needs, and it is important to work closely with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate medication and dosage for effective management.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
type: Class
subclass of: Pain reducer
comment: NSAIDs are a class of medications that provide pain relief, reduce inflammation, and lower fever, but they are not steroids.
alternative label: NSAID

Obesity
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has vital sign
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Vital sign
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: BMI
        some values from: Datatype
subclass of: Underlying health condition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease
comment: Overweight (defined as a body mass index (BMI) is 25 kg/m2 or higher, but under 30 kg/m2), obesity (BMI is 30 kg/m2 or higher, but under 40 kg/m2), or severe obesity (BMI is 40 kg/m2 or higher), can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases sharply with higher BMI.

Opioid
type: Class
subclass of: Pain reducer
comment: Opioids are drugs used to relieve severe pain by interacting with opioid receptors in the body's nervous system.

Organ transplant
type: Class
subclass of: Underlying health condition
comment: Organ transplant is a surgical procedure where a healthy organ or tissue from a donor is surgically implanted into a recipient's body to replace a diseased or non-functioning organ. Organ transplantation is performed to improve the recipient's quality of life and increase their chances of survival.

Overweight
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has vital sign
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Vital sign
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: BMI
        some values from: Datatype
subclass of: Underlying health condition
comment: Overweight (defined as a body mass index (BMI) is 25 kg/m2 or higher, but under 30 kg/m2), obesity (BMI is 30 kg/m2 or higher, but under 40 kg/m2), or severe obesity (BMI is 40 kg/m2 or higher), can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases sharply with higher BMI.

Pain reducer
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Pain reducers, also known as analgesics, are medications used to alleviate or reduce pain sensations. They can be classified into different categories, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and adjuvant analgesics. NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, work by reducing inflammation and relieving pain. Opioids, such as codeine or morphine, act on the central nervous system to block pain signals. Adjuvant analgesics, such as certain antidepressants or anticonvulsants, may be prescribed alongside other pain relievers to enhance their effects. The choice of pain reducer depends on the type and severity of pain, as well as individual factors such as medical history and potential interactions with other medications.

Past medical history
type: Class
subclass of: Observational finding

Patient risk level
type: Class
subclass of: Patient
comment: PatientRiskLevel refers to the categorization or classification of a patient based on their level of risk for a particular condition or situation. The risk level is determined by evaluating various factors such as age, underlying health conditions, immunocompromised state, occupation, and social determinants of health. The patient's risk level helps inform healthcare decisions and interventions to ensure appropriate care and management based on their specific risk profile.

Pharmaceutical preparation
type: Class
comment: PharmaceuticalPreparation refers to a product or formulation created by pharmaceutical companies for medicinal use. It includes a wide range of medications, drugs, vaccines, and other healthcare products that are specifically developed, manufactured, and packaged for administration to patients for the prevention, treatment, or management of diseases, conditions, or symptoms. Pharmaceutical preparations undergo rigorous testing, quality control, and regulatory processes to ensure their safety, efficacy, and proper usage. They can be available in various forms such as tablets, capsules, injections, topical creams, inhalers, and more.

Present medical history
type: Class
subclass of: Observational finding

Prostacyclin analogue
type: Class
subclass of: Pulmonary hypertension medication
comment: Prostacyclin analogues are drugs that mimic the action of prostacyclin, a natural substance that dilates blood vessels and prevents clot formation.

Pulmonary hypertension medication
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Pulmonary hypertension medications are used to manage and treat pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. These medications aim to improve blood flow in the pulmonary arteries, reduce symptoms, and slow down the progression of the disease. Some examples of pulmonary hypertension medications include calcium channel blockers, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostacyclin analogs. The choice of medication depends on the specific type and severity of pulmonary hypertension, as well as individual patient factors, and requires close monitoring and management by a healthcare professional specializing in pulmonary hypertension.

Recommended therapeutics
type: Class
comment: Recommended therapeutics for specific medical conditions can vary based on various factors, including the individual's medical history, severity of the condition, and response to treatment.

Recommended therapeutics Anakinra
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Age between 18 to 64
      union of: greater than 64
      union of: High risk patient
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has treatment procedure
      has value: COVIDRO SupplementalOxygen
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: patient status
      has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Age between 18 to 64
        union of: greater than 64
        union of: High risk patient
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has treatment procedure
        has value: COVIDRO SupplementalOxygen
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: patient status
        has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: Kineret (anakinra) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen (low- or high-flow oxygen) who are at risk of progressing to severe respiratory failure and likely to have an elevated plasma soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR).

Recommended therapeutics Baricitinib
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Age between 18 to 64
      union of: greater than 64
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Class
        intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Restriction
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has treatment procedure
        has value: COVIDRO ExtracorporealMembraneOxygenation
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: patient status
      has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Age between 18 to 64
        union of: greater than 64
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: patient status
        has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: Olumiant (baricitinib) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults requiring supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
comment: Olumiant (baricitinib) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in pediatric patients 2 to less than 18 years of age requiring supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygen (ECMO).

Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
type: Class
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics
comment: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19 refer to the medications and treatment approaches that have been suggested or authorized for the management and treatment of COVID-19, the respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These therapeutics are based on scientific evidence, clinical trials, and expert guidelines from reputable health organizations. Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1

Recommended therapeutics high-titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has immunocompromised state
    some values from: Immunocompromised state
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: High-Titer COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Authorized under an FDA EUA for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients who are immunocompromised or who are receiving immunosuppressive treatment.

Recommended therapeutics Molnupiravir
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: High risk patient
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has diagnosis
        some values from: Mild and very mild COVID-19
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has diagnosis
        some values from: Moderate COVID-19
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: age
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: decimal
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: High risk patient
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: age
        some values from: Datatype
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: Molnupiravir Authorized under an FDA EUA for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in high-risk individuals aged ≥18 years.

Recommended therapeutics Remdisivir
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Person
      union of: High risk patient
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has diagnosis
        some values from: Mild and very mild COVID-19
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has diagnosis
        some values from: Moderate COVID-19
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Restriction
        on property: patient status
        has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
      union of: Restriction
        on property: patient status
        has value: COVIDRO NotHospitalized
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: age
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: decimal
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: weight
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: decimal
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Person
        union of: High risk patient
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: age
        some values from: Datatype
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: weight
        some values from: Datatype
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: Remdesivir Approved by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 in individuals aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg.
comment: Veklury (Remdesivir) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (28 days of age and older and weighing at least 3 kilograms) who are: hospitalized, or not hospitalized and have mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.
comment: Veklury (remdesivir) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (28 days of age and older and weighing at least 3 kilograms) with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing, who are: hospitalized, or not hospitalized and have mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.

Recommended therapeutics Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Class
      intersection of: High risk patient
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: age
        some values from: Datatype
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: weight
        some values from: Datatype
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: High risk patient
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: age
        some values from: Datatype
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: weight
        some values from: Datatype
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) is approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID 19, including hospitalization or death. Paxlovid is not approved for use as pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19.
comment: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) Authorized under an FDA EUA for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in high-risk individuals aged ≥12 years and weighing ≥40 kg.

Recommended therapeutics Tocilizumab
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Age between 18 to 64
      union of: greater than 64
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Class
        intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Restriction
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has treatment procedure
        has value: COVIDRO ExtracorporealMembraneOxygenation
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: patient status
      has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Age between 18 to 64
        union of: greater than 64
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has present medical history
        some values from: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: patient status
        has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: Actemra (Tocilizumab) is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
comment: Actemra (tocilizumab) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized pediatric patients 2 to less than 18 years of age who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Recommended therapeutics Vilobelimab
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Age between 18 to 64
      union of: greater than 64
    intersection of: Class
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has treatment procedure
        has value: COVIDRO ExtracorporealMembraneOxygenation
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has treatment procedure
        has value: COVIDRO InvasiveMechanicalVentilation
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has treatment procedure
        has value: COVIDRO Non-InvasiveMechanicalVentilation
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has present medical history
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: Present medical history
        intersection of: Restriction
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: patient status
      has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
  union of: Class
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Age between 18 to 64
        union of: greater than 64
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Restriction
    union of: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has present medical history
        some values from: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: patient status
        has value: COVIDRO Hospitalized
subclass of: Recommended therapeutics for COVID-19
comment: Gohibic (vilobelimab) is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults when initiated within 48 hours of receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Respiratory medication
type: Class
subclass of: Medication
comment: Respiratory medications are a group of medications used to manage various respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders. These medications aim to improve lung function, reduce inflammation, open airways, and alleviate symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. There are different types of respiratory medications, including bronchodilators (e.g., beta-agonists, anticholinergics), corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and mucolytics. The choice of respiratory medication depends on the specific respiratory condition, severity of symptoms, and individual patient needs, and it is important to work closely with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate medication and treatment plan.

Respiratory therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Medical therapy
comment: Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways. (MSH)

SARS-COV-2-targeting monoclonal antibody
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics
comment: Monoclonal antibody therapies, such as casirivimab/imdevimab and bamlanivimab/etesevimab, are designed to neutralize the virus and help the immune system in fighting the infection.

Severe obesity
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has vital sign
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Vital sign
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: BMI
        some values from: Datatype
subclass of: Underlying health condition
comment: Overweight (defined as a body mass index (BMI) is 25 kg/m2 or higher, but under 30 kg/m2), obesity (BMI is 30 kg/m2 or higher, but under 40 kg/m2), or severe obesity (BMI is 40 kg/m2 or higher), can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases sharply with higher BMI.

Social history
type: Class
subclass of: Observational finding
comment: SCTID: 160476009

Statin
type: Class
subclass of: Lipid-Modifier
comment: Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Substance use disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Disorder
comment: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a condition characterized by the compulsive and problematic use of substances, including drugs or alcohol, despite negative consequences. SUD can lead to physical and psychological dependence, as well as adverse health, social, and behavioral effects.

Treatment procedure
type: Class
comment: A treatment procedure refers to a specific medical intervention or approach used to manage, cure, or alleviate a disease or medical condition. Treatment procedures can include surgical procedures, medical therapies, rehabilitation techniques, and other interventions tailored to the specific needs of the patient.

Triptan
type: Class
subclass of: Migraine reducer
comment: Triptans are a class of medications used to treat migraines and cluster headaches. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the brain and inhibiting the release of certain substances that trigger migraines, thereby providing relief from migraine symptoms, such as severe headaches, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Triptans are available in various formulations, including oral tablets, nasal sprays, and injections.

Underlying health condition
type: Class
subclass of: Risk factor
comment: An underlying health condition refers to a pre-existing medical condition or disease that a person has before the onset of another illness or condition. Underlying health conditions can include chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions that may affect the individual's overall health and increase the risk of complications.
alternative label: Condition

Vasodilator
type: Class
subclass of: Cardiovascular medication
comment: Vasodilators are medications that relax and widen blood vessels, increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure.

mTOR inhibitor
type: Class
subclass of: Immunosuppressant
comment: mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors are a class of immunosuppressive drugs used in organ transplantation and the treatment of certain cancers. They act by inhibiting mTOR, a protein kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival. In transplantation, mTOR inhibitors help prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by suppressing the immune response. In cancer treatment, they interfere with cancer cell growth and promote tumor regression.

Canis Lupus Familiaris
type: Class
subclass of: Host
comment: The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf.

Case Statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: cases
    some values from: Datatype
      union of: decimal
      union of: float
      union of: integer
subclass of: Statistics
comment: Case statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of cases of a particular disease or health condition within a given population or geographic area. Case statistics are often used to monitor and track the spread of diseases, and can help public health officials identify trends, patterns, and areas of concern. Case statistics may include the total number of cases, the number of new cases reported each day or week, the number of deaths related to the disease, the age, gender, and geographic distribution of cases, and other relevant data points. In the context of infectious diseases, case statistics can be used to calculate important epidemiological indicators such as the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and mortality rate, which can help guide public health interventions and policies. Case statistics are typically collected and reported by public health agencies, healthcare providers, and other organizations involved in disease surveillance and monitoring. They are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of the disease among the general public and health professionals. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). COVID-19 Data Tracker. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/ World Health Organization. (2021). Epidemiology. https://www.who.int/teams/blueprint/what-we-do/epidemiology

City
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative area
comment: A city.
comment: Towns with population of 1,00,000 and above are called cities.

City ward
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative area
comment: A ward is a containedIn a city. Calling it CityWard to avoid confusion with a hospital ward.

Civic structure
type: Class
subclass of: Place
comment: A public structure, such as a town hall or concert hall.

Clinical Finding
type: Class
subclass of: Finding
comment: SCTID: 404684003
is defined by: A Clinical Finding is a CLINICAL INVESTIGATION RESULT ITEM. A Clinical Finding represents the PATIENT DIAGNOSIS and symptoms of the PATIENT. For example: Asthma (disorder) Headache (Finding)
is defined by: Clinical, laboratory or molecular evidence, or absence of evidence of disease.
label: ClinicalFinding

Clinical laboratory techniques
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic techniques and procedures
comment: Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease. (MSH)

Close contact
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19
comment: Close contact, a suspected cause for catching COVID-19.

Cluster
type: Class
subclass of: Group
comment: A Cluster is a group of patients with the same disease who are grouped by one or more properties that are considered critical to an analysis of how the disease has spread.
comment: Note that clusters are NOT disjoint, so a cluster can be an instance of a TimeCluster and other clusters.

Communicable disease
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
comment: a disease that can be communicated from one person to another.
comment: A communicable disease, also known as an infectious disease, is a disease caused by a pathogen (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that can be transmitted from one person to another, either directly or indirectly.

Condition
type: Class
comment: A state of being, such as a state of health. (NCI)
comment: An observable finding or state that persists over time and tends to require intervention or management, and, therefore, distinguished from an Observation made at a point in time; may exist before an Observation of the Condition is made or after interventions to manage the Condition are undertaken. Examples: equipment repair status, device recall status, a health risk, a financial risk, public health risk, pregnancy, health maintenance, chronic illness (HL7V3.0)

Confirmed case
type: Class
subclass of: Patient
comment: A. A person with a positive Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) including RT-PCR or any other similar test approved by ICMR. B. A person with a positive SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-RDT AND meeting either the probable case definition or suspect criteria OR C. An asymptomatic person with a positive SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-RDT who is a contact of a probable or confirmed case.

Contact cluster
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster
comment: A cluster defined by contact with certain individuals. Note that to some extent all clusters are contact clusters so this class is used only for those clusters that specifically mention contact with individuals (or lack of knowledge about such contact) rather than geographic, time, or disease data.

Contact with health workers
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19
is defined by: Contact with health workers, suspect cause of COVID-19

Contagious disease
type: Class
subclass of: Infectious disease
comment: an Infectious disease that is readily spread (that is, communicated) by transmission of a pathogen through contact (direct or indirect) with an infected person.
comment: any disease easily transmitted by contact.
comment: Contagious diseases are infectious diseases that can be easily transmitted from one person to another through direct contact, respiratory droplets, or other modes of transmission.

Continent
type: Class
subclass of: Landform
comment: one of the large landmasses of the earth; "there are seven continents"; "pioneers had to cross the continent on foot"

Coronavirus disease
type: Class
subclass of: Contagious disease
comment: A disease caused by coronavirus. [Source: WHO. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. https://www.who.int/]
comment: Coronavirus disease, also known as COVID-19, is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It emerged in late 2019 and has since become a global pandemic. COVID-19 can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and can lead to complications, particularly in individuals with underlying health conditions or older age groups.

Country
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative area
comment: A country.

Country Wise Case Statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Case Statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: Country
subclass of: Case Statistics
comment: Country-wise case statistics refer to the numerical data that provides information about the number of cases of a particular disease or health condition within a specific country. These statistics are often used to monitor and track the spread of diseases, assess the disease burden, and identify trends, patterns, and areas of concern within a particular country. Country-wise case statistics typically include the total number of cases, the number of new cases reported each day or week, the number of deaths related to the disease, the age, gender, and geographic distribution of cases, and other relevant data points. These statistics can help public health officials and policymakers make informed decisions regarding disease control and prevention efforts. In the context of infectious diseases, country-wise case statistics can be used to calculate important epidemiological indicators such as the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and mortality rate. These indicators can help guide public health interventions and policies at the national and local levels. Country-wise case statistics are typically collected and reported by national health agencies and other organizations involved in disease surveillance and monitoring. They are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of the disease among the general public and health professionals. Sources: World Health Organization. (2021). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---14-december-2021 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2021). COVID-19 Situation Update Worldwide. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases

Country wise resource statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Resource statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: Country
subclass of: Resource statistics
comment: Country-wise resource statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the availability and use of natural and human resources within a specific country. These statistics can include data on natural resources such as land, water, minerals, and forests, as well as human resources such as the labor force and skilled workers.

Country wise test statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Test statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: Country
subclass of: Test statistics
comment: Country-wise COVID test statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of COVID-19 tests conducted and the number of positive cases detected within a specific country. These statistics are used to monitor and track the spread of the virus, assess the effectiveness of testing programs and interventions, and inform public health policies and decision-making. Country-wise COVID test statistics typically include the total number of tests conducted, the number of new tests conducted each day or week, the number of positive cases detected, the positivity rate (percentage of positive cases among total tests conducted), and other relevant data points such as age, gender, and geographical location of the tested population. These statistics are usually collected and reported by government agencies and public health organizations, and they are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of the COVID-19 situation in a particular country.

Country wise vaccination statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Vaccination statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: Country
subclass of: Vaccination statistics

Diagnosed with COVID-19
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has diagnosis
      some values from: COVID-19 diagnosis
    union of: Restriction
      on property: had covid test
      has value: true
subclass of: Patient
comment: A person diagnosed With COVID-19.

Diagnosis
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical Finding
comment: identification a disease from its symptoms.

Disgnosis type
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: This models the manner in which a diagnosis was discovered. E.g., via a pregnancy test, screening for a suspected disease, tests done before surgery, etc.

Diagnostic lab
type: Class
subclass of: Medical organization
comment: Diagnostic laboratory is an institution (or facility within an institution) which is equipped with apparatus and reagents for the performance of diagnostic tests for human infections.

Diagnostic techniques and procedures
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: A type of method or test used to help diagnose a disease or condition. Imaging tests and tests to measure blood pressure, pulse, and temperature are examples of diagnostic techniques.
comment: Methods, procedures, and tests performed to diagnose disease, disordered function, or disability. (MSH)

Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Pathological state
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has statistics
  some values from: Statistics
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has treatment
  some values from: Treatment
comment: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. (MSH)
comment: Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function. (NCI)
comment: Conceptually broad term referring primarily to physical illness. Also used when particular disorders are not specified. Use a more specific term if possible. For general discussions of health impairment consider also the term HEALTH. (PSY)
comment: MESH:D004194
comment: SCTID: 64572001
comment: an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning.
comment: Disease refers to a disorder or abnormal condition of the body or mind that impairs normal functioning. Diseases can be caused by various factors, including pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites), genetic mutations, environmental factors, lifestyle choices, or a combination of these factors.

Disease cluster
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster
comment: Patients clustered by diseases that made them susceptible to the virus

Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Condition
subclass of: Pathological state
comment: In medicine, a disturbance of normal functioning of the mind or body. Disorders may be caused by genetic factors, disease, or trauma
comment: a functional abnormality or disturbance
comment: A disorder refers to an abnormal condition or disruption in the regular functioning of an organ, system, or overall body. It can involve physical, mental, or physiological dysregulation that affects normal processes and may lead to symptoms or impairments.

District
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative area
comment: An adminidtrative area spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions of municipalities, school district, or political district.

District Wise Case Statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Case Statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: District
subclass of: Case Statistics
comment: District-wise case statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of cases of a particular disease or health condition within a specific district or administrative region. These statistics are often used to monitor and track the spread of diseases, assess the disease burden, and identify trends, patterns, and areas of concern within a particular district or region. District-wise case statistics typically include the total number of cases, the number of new cases reported each day or week, the number of deaths related to the disease, the age, gender, and geographic distribution of cases, and other relevant data points. These statistics can help public health officials and policymakers make informed decisions regarding disease control and prevention efforts at the local level. In the context of infectious diseases, district-wise case statistics can be used to calculate important epidemiological indicators such as the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and mortality rate. These indicators can help guide public health interventions and policies at the local level, such as targeted testing and contact tracing efforts. District-wise case statistics are typically collected and reported by local health authorities and other organizations involved in disease surveillance and monitoring. They are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of the disease among the general public and local health professionals. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). COVID-19 Data Tracker: Cases in the U.S. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#cases_casesinlast7days Government of India. (2021). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: District-Wise COVID-19 Cases. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/

District wise resource statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Resource statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: District
subclass of: Resource statistics
comment: District-wise resource statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the availability and use of resources within a specific district or administrative region.

District wise test statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Test statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: District
subclass of: Test statistics
comment: District-wise COVID test statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of COVID-19 tests conducted and the number of positive cases detected within a specific district or administrative region. These statistics are used to monitor and track the spread of the virus, assess the effectiveness of testing programs and interventions, and inform public health policies and decision-making at the local level. District-wise COVID test statistics typically include the total number of tests conducted, the number of new tests conducted each day or week, the number of positive cases detected, the positivity rate (percentage of positive cases among total tests conducted), and other relevant data points such as age, gender, and geographical location of the tested population. These statistics are usually collected and reported by local health departments and other relevant authorities, and they are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of the COVID-19 situation in a particular district or administrative region.

District wise vaccination statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Vaccination statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: District
subclass of: Vaccination statistics

Doctor
type: Class
subclass of: Health care professional
comment: A licensed medical doctor.
comment: SCTID: 158965000

Edema
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
comment: swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue
alternative label: Dropsy
alternative label: Hydrops
alternative label: Oedema

Edema due to infection
type: Class
subclass of: Edema
comment: Edema due to infection

Environment
type: Class
subclass of: Host
comment: The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

Environmental condition
type: Class
subclass of: Condition
comment: Environmental conditions, or the quality and state of the environment, are an inescapable part of daily life that can impact health.

Exposure to COVID-19
type: Class
comment: The suspected causes of catching COVID-19. The causes can be a close contact, co-passenger, from some gathering, like aniversary, congregation, infected family member, etc. This class is to indicate the suspected reasons for contacting the virus for a patient. For example, for person 1, the suspected reason of catching the disease is his coworker person 2. The individuals of this class and its subclasses not necessary to be an individual person always, like, reason can be a gathering, job place, etc.

Exposure via congregation
type: Class
subclass of: Gathering

Finding
type: Class
comment: That which is discovered by direct observation or measurement of an organism attribute or condition, including the clinical history of the patient. The history of the presence of a disease is a 'Finding' and is distinguished from the disease itself.

Gathering
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19
comment: Mass gathering, a suspected cause for catching COVID-19.

General body state finding
type: Class
subclass of: General finding of observation of patient
comment: SCTID: 82832008
is defined by: SNOMED CT

General finding of observation of patient
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical Finding
comment: SCTID: 118222006
is defined by: SNOMED CT
alternative label: General condition of patient
alternative label: General observation of patient

Geographic cluster
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster
comment: Patients clustered by the geographic region where they contracted the infection

Geographic region
type: Class
subclass of: Place
comment: Geographic regions such as the Middle East, North America, etc. For the cluster class

Government organization
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Organization
comment: A governmental organization.

Health care professional
type: Class
subclass of: Person
comment: Healthcare Professional means any member of the medical, dental, pharmacy or nursing professions or any other person who in the course of his or her professional activities may prescribe, recommend, purchase, supply, or administer a pharmaceutical product.
comment: Healthcare Professional or “HCP” shall mean any person licensed to prescribe Company products, as well as anyone working for a person licensed to prescribe a Company Therapeutic Product and in a position to influence a purchasing decision, including without limitation physicians and other providers (e.g., nurses, pharmacists), dialysis providers, other office personnel.

Hospital
type: Class
subclass of: Medical organization
subclass of: Place
comment: Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.

Host
type: Class
comment: An organism that nourishes and supports another but does not benefit by the association; recipient of transplanted tissue or organ from a donor. (NCI)
comment: Any cellular component of a host cell. The host is an organism in which another organism, for instance a parasite or symbiont, spends part or all of its life cycle and from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection. [ISBN:0198506732] (GO)
alternative label: Sample host

Human
type: Class
subclass of: Host
comment: Members of the species Homo sapiens.

Immunization
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment
comment: The act of making immune (especially by inoculation).
alternative label: Immunisation

Immunogen
type: Class
comment: any substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body.
alternative label: Immunizing agent

Infected brother
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

InfectedCo-Passenger
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19

Infected Co-worker
type: Class
subclass of: Infected via job

Infected cousin
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected daughter
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected domestic help
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19

Infected family member
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19

Infected father
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected mother
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected neighbor
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19

Infected nephew
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected niece
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected room mate
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19

Infected sister
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected son
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected spouse
type: Class
subclass of: Infected family member

Infected via healthcare work
type: Class
subclass of: Infected via job

Infected via job
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19

Infected via police work
type: Class
subclass of: Infected via job

Infected via support staff
type: Class
subclass of: Infected via job
comment: Support staff such as lift man, cleaners, security personnel, peons etc.

Infectious disease
type: Class
subclass of: Communicable disease
comment: a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact.
comment: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that can invade and multiply within the body. These diseases can range from mild to severe and can be transmitted through various means, including person-to-person contact, contaminated surfaces, vectors (such as mosquitoes), or airborne droplets.

Laboratory test finding
type: Class
subclass of: Test result
comment: Results of fluid and tissue tests such as urine and blood analysis. (OMS)
alternative label: Laboratory test observation
alternative label: Laboratory test result
alternative label: The outcome of a laboratory test. (NCI)

Landform
type: Class
subclass of: Place
comment: A landform or physical feature. Landform elements include mountains, plains, lakes, rivers, seascape and oceanic waterbody interface features such as bays, peninsulas, seas and so forth, including sub-aqueous terrain features such as submersed mountain ranges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins.

Less common symptom
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 symtom classification by WHO

Local business
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
subclass of: Place
comment: A local business physically situated in a place, and can be a branch of an organization, e.g., a restaurant, a local branch of a chain of restaurant, a branch of a bank, a club, etc.

Man
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has gender
    has value: Male
subclass of: Person
comment: A man.

Manis Javanica
type: Class
subclass of: Host
comment: The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), also known as the Malayan or Javan pangolin, is a species of pangolin.

Medical clinic
type: Class
subclass of: Medical organization
comment: A medical establishment run by a group of medical specialists.
alternative label: Clinic

Medical organization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: A medical organization, such as hospital, diagnostic lab, clinic, etc.

Mild and very mild COVID-19
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: most recent vital sign
        some values from: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Class
        union of: Class
        union of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: most recent vital sign
        some values from: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 diagnosis
comment: Cases presenting with fever and/or upper respiratory tract illness (Influenza Like Illness, ILI).

Moderate COVID-19
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: most recent vital sign
        some values from: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: most recent vital sign
        some values from: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 diagnosis
comment: Moderate COVID-19 Symptoms: in additon to symptoms in mild cases, check for pneumonia which may not be apparent. Respiratory Rate (RR): >=30 SpO2: 90-93% on room air

Most common symptom
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 symtom classification by WHO

Nurse
type: Class
subclass of: Health care professional
comment: A health professional skilled in caring for young children or the sick (usually under the supervision of a physician).
comment: SCTID: 106292003
alternative label: Professional nurse

Observational finding
type: Class
subclass of: Finding
comment: The act of measuring, questioning, evaluating, or otherwise observing a patient or a specimen from a patient in healthcare; the act of making a clinical judgment.
comment: The result, answer, judgment, or knowledge gained from the act of observing a patient or a specimen from a patient in healthcare
alternative label: ClinicalObservation
alternative label: FindingOfObservation

Occupation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has occupation
  some values from: Occupation
comment: A profession, may involve prolonged training and/or a formal qualification.
comment: the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money; "he's not in my line of business"

Organization type
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Private
  one of: Public
comment: Organization type in terms of Public or Private.

Other less common symptom
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 symtom classification by WHO

Other symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Pathological state
type: Class
subclass of: Underlying health condition
subclass of: Condition
comment: An abnormal or physiologically unbalanced state of the body. illness, malady, sickness, unwellness. impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism.
comment: A pathological state refers to an abnormal or diseased condition of the body. It can involve structural or functional changes that deviate from the normal physiological state and may be associated with symptoms or manifestations of illness.

Patient
type: Class
subclass of: Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has diagnosis
  some values from: Diagnosis
comment: A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals.
comment: Patients are categorised into three groups based on the following guidelines. Source: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FinalGuidanceonMangaementofCovidcasesversion2.pdf
comment: SCTID: 116154003

Place
type: Class
comment: Entities that have a somewhat fixed, physical extension.

Police person
type: Class
subclass of: Person
is defined by: a person whose job is to enforce laws, investigate crimes, and make arrests a member of the police.

Pregnancy
type: Class
subclass of: Risk factor
comment: Pregnancy refers to the period during which a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus. It is a natural process that typically lasts around 40 weeks. Pregnancy involves significant physiological and hormonal changes in the woman's body to support the growth and development of the fetus.

Probable case
type: Class
subclass of: Person
comment: A. A patient who meets clinical criteria above AND is a contact of a probable or confirmed case, or linked to a COVID-19 cluster B. A suspect case with chest imaging showing findings suggestive of COVID-19 disease C. A person with recent onset of anosmia(loss of smell) or ageusia(loss of taste) in the absence of any other identified cause. D. Death, not otherwise explained, in an adult with respiratory distress preceding death AND was a contact of a probable or confirmed case or linked to a COVID-19 cluster.

Public transport
type: Class
subclass of: Transport
comment: Public transport refers to a system of transportation that is available to the general public and is usually operated by government or private organizations. It includes various modes of transport such as buses, trains, trams, and subways that are designed to move large numbers of people efficiently and affordably. Public transport is often used as an alternative to private transport, such as cars or motorcycles, and can help reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. It also provides access to mobility for people who do not own their own vehicles, such as those who are too young or too old to drive or who cannot afford to own a car. Public transport systems vary widely in terms of their coverage, frequency, and quality. In some cities, public transport is widely used and well-developed, while in others it may be limited or unreliable. Factors that can influence the quality and accessibility of public transport include government funding, infrastructure, and population density. Sources: World Bank. (2022). Public Transport. https://urbantranscripts.org/glossary/public-transport/ United Nations. (2014). Sustainable Urban Transport. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/3392Sustainable%20Urban%20Transport.pdf

Radiologic finding
type: Class
subclass of: Test result
comment: Imaging results obtained through a radiology procedure. ... (NCI)
alternative label: Radiologic test result

Recommendation
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment
comment: TreatmentRecommendation refers to a healthcare provider's advice or suggestion on a specific course of treatment for a patient's medical condition. It is based on the patient's medical history, symptoms, test results, and other relevant factors. A TreatmentRecommendation may include the type of medication, dosage, duration of treatment, and any necessary lifestyle modifications or follow-up appointments. It may also take into consideration the patient's preferences and goals for treatment. TreatmentRecommendations can come from a variety of healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians, specialists, and therapists. They play an important role in helping patients make informed decisions about their health and guiding them towards the best possible outcomes. Sources: American Medical Association. (2022). Treatment recommendations. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/treatment-recommendations National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. (2022). Clinical Recommendations. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553051/

Resource statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: resource
    some values from: integer
subclass of: Statistics
comment: Resource statistics refer to the numerical data that provides information about the availability and use of resources in a particular area or sector. These statistics can include data on natural resources, such as water, minerals, and forests, as well as human resources, such as the labor force and skilled workers. Resource statistics are used to monitor and evaluate the availability and sustainability of resources, as well as to identify areas where additional resources may be needed. They are often used by policymakers, researchers, and business leaders to make informed decisions about resource allocation, development, and management. For example, in the context of natural resources, resource statistics can help identify areas where there is a high demand for resources and where resource depletion may be a concern. This information can then be used to guide conservation efforts and resource management policies. In the context of human resources, resource statistics can provide insight into the size and skill level of the workforce in a particular area or sector. This information can be used to identify areas where additional training or education may be needed to meet the demands of the job market. Resource statistics are typically collected and reported by government agencies, research institutions, and other organizations involved in resource management and development. They are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of resource availability and use. Sources: United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption-production/ U.S. Department of Energy. (2021). Energy Resource Statistics. https://www.energy.gov/data/energy-resource-statistics

Respiratory symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
comment: Respiratory symptoms are common symptoms of lung or heart conditions, emotions, or injury. The medical terms for respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (difficulty breathing), tachypnea (rapid breathing), hypopnea (shallow breathing), hyperpnea (deep breathing), and apnea (absence of breathing).

Respiratory tract disease
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
comment: Respiratory tract diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the airways, lungs, and respiratory system. These can include infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other disorders that impact breathing and respiratory function.

Respiratory Tract Diseases
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
comment: Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Also called lung disorder and pulmonary disease.

Rhinolophus Affinis
type: Class
subclass of: Host

Risk factor
type: Class
comment: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, inborn or inherited characteristic, which, based on epidemiological evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent. (MSH)
comment: Any aspect of an individual's life, behavior, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that increases the likelihood of a disease, condition or injury. (NCI)
comment: Personal behaviors or lifestyles, environmental effects, or inborn characteristics which epidemiological evidence has shown to be associated with the increased rate of a behavior or health-related condition. (PSY)
comment: SCTID: 80943009
comment: A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a particular disease or experiencing a certain health condition. Risk factors can be divided into two main categories: modifiable and non-modifiable. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Understand Your Risk for Heart Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm
label: RiskFactor

Secondary contact
type: Class
subclass of: Exposure to COVID-19

Security guard
type: Class
subclass of: Person
comment: A security guard (also known as a security inspector, security officer, or protective agent) is a person employed by a government or private party to protect the employing party's assets (property, people, equipment, money, etc.) from a variety of hazards (such as criminal activity, waste, damaged property, unsafe worker behavior, etc.) by enforcing preventative measures. Security guards do this by maintaining a high-visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions, looking (either directly, through patrols, or indirectly, by monitoring alarm systems or video surveillance cameras) for signs of crime or other hazards (such as a fire), taking action to minimize damage (such as warning and escorting trespassers off property), and reporting any incidents to their clients and emergency services (such as the police or paramedics), as appropriate.

Severe COVID-19
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: most recent vital sign
        some values from: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Class
        intersection of: Restriction
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: most recent vital sign
        some values from: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 diagnosis
comment: Severe COVID-19 symptoms: any of the following symptoms - signs of severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, or pneumonia with cyanosis, severe retraction of chest, lethargy, SpO2: < 90% on room air

Severe COVID-19 symptom
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 symtom classification by WHO

Sign
type: Class
equivalent class: Vital sign
subclass of: Clinical Finding
comment: In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. Some examples of signs are fever, swelling, skin rash, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose.

SkinManifestation
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
comment: Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury. (MSH)

Social history
type: Class
subclass of: Observational finding
comment: Past events that occurred between individuals and/or their communities. (NCI)
comment: The Social History Observations define the patient's occupational, personal (e.g. lifestyle), social, and environmental history and health risk factors, as well as administrative data such as marital status, race, ethnicity and religious affiliation. (HL7V3.0)

State
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative area
comment: A state or province of a country.
alternative label: Province

State Wise Case Statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Case Statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: State
subclass of: Case Statistics
comment: State-wise case statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of cases of a particular disease or health condition within a specific state or province. These statistics are often used to monitor and track the spread of diseases, assess the disease burden, and identify trends, patterns, and areas of concern within a particular state or province. State-wise case statistics typically include the total number of cases, the number of new cases reported each day or week, the number of deaths related to the disease, the age, gender, and geographic distribution of cases, and other relevant data points. These statistics can help public health officials and policymakers make informed decisions regarding disease control and prevention efforts at the state or provincial level. In the context of infectious diseases, state-wise case statistics can be used to calculate important epidemiological indicators such as the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and mortality rate. These indicators can help guide public health interventions and policies at the state or provincial level, such as targeted testing and contact tracing efforts. State-wise case statistics are typically collected and reported by state health departments and other organizations involved in disease surveillance and monitoring. They are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of the disease among the general public and state health professionals. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). COVID-19 Data Tracker: Cases in the U.S. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#cases_casesinlast7days Government of India. (2021). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: State-Wise COVID-19 Cases. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/

State wise resource statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Resource statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: State
subclass of: Resource statistics
comment: State-wise resource statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the availability and use of resources within a specific state or province.

State wise test statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Test statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: State
subclass of: Test statistics
comment: State-wise COVID test statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of COVID-19 tests conducted and the number of positive cases detected within a specific state or province. These statistics are used to monitor and track the spread of the virus, assess the effectiveness of testing programs and interventions, and inform public health policies and decision-making at the state level. State-wise COVID test statistics typically include the total number of tests conducted, the number of new tests conducted each day or week, the number of positive cases detected, the positivity rate (percentage of positive cases among total tests conducted), and other relevant data points such as age, gender, and geographical location of the tested population. These statistics are usually collected and reported by state health departments and other relevant authorities, and they are often published online or through other public channels to increase awareness and understanding of the COVID-19 situation in a particular state or province.

State wise vaccination statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Vaccination statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: spatial coverage
    some values from: State
subclass of: Vaccination statistics

Statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Case Statistics
  union of: Resource statistics
  union of: Test statistics
  union of: Vaccination statistics
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spatial coverage
  some values from: Place
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is statistics of
  some values from: Disease
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: date
  all values from: dateTime
comment: Statistics based on each day.
comment: Statistics of COVID-19 cases which includes the deatils of active, recovered, deaths, and also the resources (e.g., beds required, shortage of beds, ICUs) on daily basis.

Status
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Cured
  one of: Deceased
  one of: Hospitalized
subclass of: Clinical Finding
comment: The current status of a patient, for example: recovered, hospitalized, deceased.

Suspect case
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Person
    intersection of: Class
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has symptom
        has value: Dry cough
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has symptom
        has value: Fever
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Person
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has symptom
      min qualified cardinality: 3
      on class: Less common symptom
subclass of: Person
comment: A. A person who meets the clinical AND epidemiological criteria: Clinical Criteria: • Acute onset of fever AND cough; OR • Acute onset of ANY THREE OR MORE of the following signs or symptoms: Fever, cough, general weakness/ fatigue, headache, myalgia, sore throat, coryza, dyspnoea, anorexia/nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, altered mental status. AND Epidemiological Criteria: • Residing or working in an area with high risk of transmission of virus: closed residential settings, humanitarian settings such as camp and camp-like settings for displaced persons; any time within the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or • Residing or travel to an area with community transmission any time within the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or • Working in any healthcare setting, including with in health facilities or within the community; any time within the 14 days prior of symptom onset. B. A patient with severe acute respiratory illness: (SARI: acute respiratory infection with history of fever or measured fever of ≥38 C°; and cough; with onset within the last 10 days; and requires hospitalization).

Symptomatic treatment
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 treatment
comment: Symptomatic treatment, supportive care, or supportive therapy is any medical therapy of a disease that only affects its symptoms, not the underlying cause.
alternative label: Supportive care
alternative label: Supportive therapy

Test result
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical Finding
comment: A test result.
comment: The result of a laboratory, radiologic, or other clinical test performed to determine the presence, absence, or degree of a condition. (NCI)

Test statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: test
    some values from: integer
subclass of: Statistics
comment: test statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of COVID-19 tests conducted, the number of positive cases detected, and other relevant data points related to COVID-19 testing. These statistics are used to monitor and track the spread of the virus and to assess the effectiveness of testing programs and interventions.

Time cluster
type: Class
subclass of: Cluster
comment: A cluster defined by some event (including lack of knowledge) at a certain date. Note that clusters are not disjoint, so a cluster can be an instance of a TimeCluster and other clusters.

Town
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative area
comment: Places which satisfy the following criteria are called towns: (i) A minimum population of 5,000; (ii) At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and (iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. (i.e. 1000 per sq. Mile).

Transport
type: Class
comment: Transport refers to the movement of people, goods, or materials from one location to another. It is an essential aspect of modern society and plays a critical role in facilitating economic and social activity. There are various modes of transport available, including road, rail, air, water, and pipelines. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages and is suitable for different types of transport needs. Sources: United Nations. (2022). Sustainable Development Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/infrastructure-industrialization/

Travel history
type: Class
subclass of: Observational finding
comment: A record of the places that a person has been. (NCI)

Treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: care by procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury.

Union Territory
type: Class
subclass of: Administrative area
comment: A union territory ('Federally administered territory/province') is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed directly by the Central Government of India.

Untested for COVID-19
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: had covid test
    has value: false
subclass of: Person
comment: Untested for COVID-19
is defined by: Person who has not gone through COVID-19 Testing

Urgently needs COVID-19 test
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has close relationship
    some values from: Diagnosed with COVID-19
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: had covid test
    has value: false
subclass of: Untested for COVID-19
comment: Urgently needs COVID-19 test

Accessory protein of SARS-CoV-2
type: Class
subclass of: Protein of SARS-CoV-2

Active surveillance
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: Active surveillance is a method of disease surveillance that involves actively seeking out cases of a particular disease or condition by conducting regular monitoring and testing of individuals or populations at risk.

Alveolar lavage fluid swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Broncho alveolar lavage fluid swab specimen
comment: Alveolar lavage fluid swab specimen is another term for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid swab specimen. It is a sample of fluid collected from the alveoli, which are the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Anal swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Swab specimen
comment: An anal swab specimen is a specific type of swab specimen that is collected from the anus or rectum. It is commonly used to diagnose infections such as sexually transmitted infections and gastrointestinal infections. The collection of an anal swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the anus or rectum to collect a sample of cells or secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. The procedure is typically quick and relatively painless, but may be uncomfortable for some individuals.

Anterior nare swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Upper respiratory tract swab specimen
comment: An anterior nare swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the inside of the nostril, specifically the anterior nares, which are the openings of the nasal cavity. The collection of an anterior nare swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the nostril to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used for COVID-19 testing and other respiratory infections.

AssemblyMethod
type: Class
comment: Assembly can be performed using an assembly software of your preference. Some examples of de novo assembly tools include: SPAdes, Edena, ABySS. Similarly, reference based assembly (using one or more reference genomes) can be conducted using a tool such as SMALT or Bowtie

Baseline surveillance
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: Baseline surveillance involves collecting data on a particular disease or condition before an intervention or change occurs, in order to establish a baseline for future comparisons.

Betacoronavirus
type: Class
subclass of: Orthocoronavirinae
comment: Betacoronavirus (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs) is one of four genera (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta-) of coronaviruses. Member viruses are enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that infect mammals (of which humans are part). The natural reservoir for betacoronaviruses are bats and rodents. Rodents are the reservoir for the subgenus Embecovirus, while bats are the reservoir for the other subgenera. The coronavirus genera are each composed of varying viral lineages with the betacoronavirus genus containing four such lineages: A, B, C, D. In older literature, this genus is also known as "group 2 coronaviruses". The genus is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales.

Biospecimen
type: Class
subclass of: Specimen
comment: Any material sample taken from a biological entity for testing, diagnostic, propagation, treatment or research purposes, including a sample obtained from a living organism or taken from the biological object after halting of all its life functions. Biospecimen can contain one or more components including but not limited to cellular molecules, cells, tissues, organs, body fluids, embryos, and body excretory products.
alternative label: Bio-Specimen
alternative label: Biological Sample

Blood specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Bodily fluid specimen
comment: Blood specimen collection is performed routinely to obtain blood for laboratory testing. Blood can be obtained from venous access devices and sometimes by fingerstick. Blood is most frequently obtained via a peripheral vein puncture (venipuncture).

Bodily fluid specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Biospecimen
comment: Body fluids, defined as specimens other than plasma, serum, or urine, include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), dialysate, postsurgical drain fluid, wound fluid, and other fluids often obtained using ultrasound-guided aspiration (such as pancreatic, pericardial, and pleural fluid).

Bronchial lavage fluid swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Broncho alveolar lavage fluid swab specimen
comment: Bronchial lavage fluid swab specimen is a sample of fluid collected from the bronchial tubes using a bronchoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end. During a bronchial lavage procedure, a small amount of sterile saline is instilled into the bronchial tubes and then aspirated back out, collecting a sample of fluid and cells for diagnostic testing and analysis.

Broncho alveolar lavage fluid swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Lower respiratory tract swab specimen
comment: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid swab specimen is a sample of fluid collected from the lungs using a bronchoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end. During a BAL procedure, a small amount of sterile saline is instilled into the lungs and then aspirated back out, collecting a sample of fluid and cells from the lower respiratory tract. This fluid can then be used for diagnostic testing and analysis, such as to detect infections or evaluate lung function.

CLC Genomics Workbench 12
type: Class
subclass of: AssemblyMethod
comment: CLC Genomics Workbench provides advanced NGS workflows for de novo assembly of whole genomes and transcriptomes, resequencing analysis (WGS, WES and targeted panel support), variant calling, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq and DNA methylation (bisulfite sequencing analysis).

Cell specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Organ specimen
comment: A cell specimen is a sample of cells collected from an individual for medical testing or diagnosis. It is a non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic tool used to detect and diagnose various medical conditions such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. Cell specimens can be collected from different parts of the body, such as the skin, blood, urine, or respiratory tract, using various techniques, including swabs, aspirates, and washes. The collected specimen is then analyzed in a laboratory to detect any abnormalities or signs of disease in the cells. Cell specimens are an important tool for clinicians and researchers to better understand the nature of diseases and develop effective treatments.

Clinical trial
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: A clinical trial is a research study that tests the safety and effectiveness of new medical treatments, interventions, or devices in humans.

Cornidovirineae
type: Class
subclass of: Nidovirales
comment: Cornidovirineae is a subfamily of viruses within the family Coronaviridae, which includes the well-known severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the more recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causing virus, SARS-CoV-2. These viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that have a genome size ranging from 26 to 32 kilobases. They have a characteristic club-like spike protein on their surface that binds to host cells and enables the virus to enter and infect them. This subfamily was first proposed in 2020 based on genetic analysis and distinctive features of the virus. The name "Cornidovirineae" is derived from the Latin word "cornu" meaning horn, which refers to the spike-like projections on the virus's surface. Source: Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., ... & Ziebuhr, J. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses–a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. BioRxiv, 1-15.

Coronaviridae
type: Class
subclass of: Cornidovirineae
comment: Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. The group includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the members of the latter are known as coronaviruses.

Deep cough sputum swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Lower respiratory tract swab specimen
comment: A deep cough sputum swab specimen is a sample of mucus or phlegm coughed up from the lower respiratory tract. It is collected by having the individual cough deeply and expectorate sputum into a sterile container or by inducing sputum using a nebulizer. This specimen can then be analyzed in a laboratory to diagnose respiratory infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

Deletion mutation
type: Class
subclass of: Frameshift mutation
comment: Deletion mutation is a type of genetic mutation caused by the loss of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence, which can result in the loss of genetic information or the production of a non-functional protein.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Alpha
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Alpha: This variant was first identified in the United Kingdom in December 2020. It has multiple mutations in the spike protein, including the N501Y mutation, which is thought to increase the virus's infectivity

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Beta
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Beta: This is another variant of SARS-CoV-2 that was first identified in South Africa in December 2020. It has several mutations in the spike protein, including the E484K mutation, which is thought to affect the virus's ability to be neutralized by antibodies. .

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta: This is a highly transmissible variant of SARS-CoV-2 that was first identified in India in December 2020. It has multiple mutations in the spike protein of the virus, including the L452R and P681R mutations, which are believed to increase its infectivity and ability to evade the immune system.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta plus
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta plus: The Delta plus variant, also known as AY.1, is a sublineage of the Delta variant. It has been classified as a Variant of Concern (VOC) by the Indian government due to its potential for increased transmissibility and potential impacts on vaccine effectiveness. However, the WHO has not yet classified it as a VOC.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Epsilon
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Epsilon: The Epsilon variant, also known as B.1.429, is a SARS-CoV-2 variant that was first identified in California, USA in July 2020. It has been classified as a Variant of Interest (VOI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its potential for increased transmissibility and potential impacts on vaccine effectiveness.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Eta
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Eta: The Eta variant, also known as B.1.525, is a SARS-CoV-2 variant that was first identified in Nigeria in December 2020. It has been classified as a Variant of Concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its potential for increased transmissibility and potential impacts on vaccine effectiveness.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Gamma
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Gamma: The Gamma variant, also known as P.1, is a SARS-CoV-2 variant that was first identified in Brazil in December 2020. It has been classified as a Variant of Concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its increased transmissibility and potential impacts on vaccine effectiveness.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Kappa
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Kappa: The Kappa variant, also known as B.1.617.1, is a SARS-CoV-2 variant that was first identified in India in December 2020. It has been classified as a Variant of Interest (VOI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its potential for increased transmissibility and potential impacts on vaccine effectiveness.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Lambda
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Lambda: The Lambda variant, also known as C.37, is a SARS-CoV-2 variant that was first identified in Peru in December 2020. It has been classified as a Variant of Interest (VOI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its potential for increased transmissibility, resistance to antibodies, and potential impacts on vaccine effectiveness.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Lota
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Lota: This refers to a patient who has been diagnosed with a variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has been given the name Lota. This variant has mutations in the spike protein of the virus that could potentially affect its ability to be recognized by the immune system or to be neutralized by certain antibodies.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Mu
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Mu: This refers to a patient who has been diagnosed with the Mu variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which was first identified in Colombia in January 2021. The Mu variant has mutations in the spike protein of the virus that could potentially affect its ability to be recognized by the immune system or to be neutralized by certain antibodies.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron: This refers to a patient who has been diagnosed with the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which was first identified in South Africa in November 2021. The Omicron variant has a large number of mutations in the spike protein of the virus, which could potentially affect its transmissibility, severity of illness, or ability to be recognized by the immune system.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant OmicronStealth
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant OmicronStealth: This refers to a patient who has been diagnosed with a variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has been given the name OmicronStealth. It is not a currently recognized variant of the virus, and therefore it is unclear what specific mutations or characteristics it may have.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Theta
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: Patient Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Theta: This refers to a patient who has been diagnosed with a variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has been given the name Theta. This variant has mutations in the spike protein of the virus that could potentially affect its ability to be recognized by the immune system or to be neutralized by certain antibodies.

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
type: Class
subclass of: COVID-19 diagnosis

Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Zeta
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: COVID-19 diagnosis
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is diagnosis for
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Person
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has sample
        some values from: Class
subclass of: Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant (WHO)
comment: When a patient is diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 variant Zeta, it means that the viral strain of the patient has been identified as the Zeta variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The Zeta variant is also known as the P.2 variant, and it was first identified in Brazil in April 2020. It has several mutations in the spike protein, which is the part of the virus that allows it to infect human cells. These mutations could potentially affect the transmissibility and severity of the disease, as well as the effectiveness of some treatments and vaccines. However, more research is needed to fully understand the implications of the Zeta variant.

Environmental specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Specimen
comment: An environmental specimen refers to a sample taken from the non-living elements in the environment, such as air, water, or soil, to identify the presence of microorganisms, toxins, or other pollutants.

Faecal specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Biospecimen
comment: Faecal specimen is a sample of the client's feces. It can be analyzed for the presence of blood; mucus; fat; microbes, such as bacteria and parasites; or other abnormal findings.

Frameshift mutation
type: Class
subclass of: Mutation
comment: Frameshift mutation is a type of genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence, which alters the reading frame of the sequence and may result in the production of a non-functional protein.

Gene
type: Class
comment: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. (MSH)
comment: A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific position on a particular chromosome and serves as the template for a product that contributes to a phenotype or a biological function. (NCI)
comment: Biological macromolecule which is a segment of a DNA molecule and which consists of sets of nucleotide pairs organized into regions of coding, noncoding and regulatory sequences. (FMA)
comment: Description:A DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function. In the absence of demonstrated function a gene may be characterized by sequence, transcription or homology (HL7V3.0)
comment: Segment of the genome that codes for a functional product. (CSP)

Gene of coronavirus
type: Class
subclass of: Gene

Gene of SARS-CoV-2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene of coronavirus

Geneious 10.2.4
type: Class
subclass of: AssemblyMethod
comment: Geneious Prime is packed with essential tools for molecular cloning, genomics and sequence analysis. Industry-leading algorithms, powerful analyses and superior visualizations allow you to gain critical insights while exploring your data.
comment: Geneious Prime makes bioinformatics accessible by transforming raw data into visualizations that make sequence analysis intuitive and user-friendly.

GeneticFinding
type: Class
subclass of: Test result
comment: A laboratory test result that indicates the status of a molecular genetic or cytogenetic event in a pathologic process. (NCI)
alternative label: Genetic observation
alternative label: Genome Sequencing result

Genome sequencing lab
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic lab
comment: Sequencing Laboratory offers research accredited, scalable sequencing and expert genomic analysis.

Illumina
type: Class
subclass of: Sequencing technology
comment: Illumina: Illumina is a popular brand of DNA sequencing technology that uses fluorescent tags to identify the order of nucleotides in a DNA sample.

Insertion mutation
type: Class
subclass of: Frameshift mutation
comment: Insertion mutation is a type of genetic mutation caused by the addition of one or more nucleotides to a DNA sequence, which can also result in the production of a non-functional protein.

Ion Torrent
type: Class
subclass of: Sequencing technology
comment: Ion Torrent: Ion Torrent is a brand of DNA sequencing technology that uses semiconductor-based technology to detect changes in pH during DNA synthesis, allowing for the identification of the order of nucleotides in a DNA sample.

Lower respiratory tract swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Swab specimen
comment: A lower respiratory tract swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the lower respiratory tract, which includes the lungs and bronchial tubes. The collection of a lower respiratory tract swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab through the nose or mouth into the lower respiratory tract to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used to diagnose infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19.

MEGAHIT v1.2.9
type: Class
subclass of: AssemblyMethod
comment: MEGAHIT is a single node assembler for large and complex metagenomics NGS reads, such as soil. It makes use of succinct de Bruijn graph (SdBG) to achieve low memory assembly. MEGAHIT can optionally utilize a CUDA-enabled GPU to accelerate its SdBG contstruction
comment: MEGAHIT is an ultra-fast and memory-efficient NGS assembler. It is optimized for metagenomes, but also works well on generic single genome assembly

MERS-CoV variant
type: Class
subclass of: Variant
comment: MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) variants are different strains or types of the MERS-CoV virus that have developed through mutations in the virus's genetic material. Like other viruses, MERS-CoV can undergo mutations when it replicates, which can result in the emergence of new variants. These variants may have differences in their genetic makeup that can affect how easily they spread, their severity, and how well vaccines or treatments work against them. There have been several MERS-CoV variants identified since the virus was first discovered in 2012. For example, a variant of the virus that emerged in South Korea in 2015 was found to have several genetic differences from earlier strains, and was associated with a large outbreak of MERS in that country. It's important to monitor and track MERS-CoV variants to understand how they might impact the spread and severity of the disease, and to inform public health efforts to control and prevent its transmission. There are several MERS-CoV variants that have been identified by researchers. Here are some examples of MERS-CoV variants: EMC/2012 strain: This was the first strain of MERS-CoV to be identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. HuNoV-EMC/2012 strain: This variant was identified in 2012 in the Netherlands, and was associated with a case of MERS in a Qatari patient who had traveled to the country. Jeddah/1 strain: This variant was identified in 2014 in Saudi Arabia, and was associated with a large outbreak of MERS in the country. Korea outbreak strain: This variant was identified in 2015 in South Korea, and was associated with a large outbreak of MERS in that country. Al-Hasa_4_2013 strain: This variant was identified in 2013 in Saudi Arabia, and was associated with a cluster of MERS cases in the Al-Hasa region.

Mid-turbinate swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Upper respiratory tract swab specimen
comment: A mid-turbinate swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the middle of the nasal cavity, specifically from the area of the turbinates, which are bony structures that help warm and humidify air as it enters the nose. The collection of a mid-turbinate swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the nostril and up to the mid-turbinate region to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used for COVID-19 testing.

Mutation
type: Class
comment: A mutation is a change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result in altered characteristics or traits. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by various factors, such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses.

Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Pharyngeal swab specimen
comment: A nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from both the nasal cavity and the pharynx. The collection of a nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the nostril and down the back of the throat to collect a sample of secretions from both areas, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used for respiratory infection testing, including COVID-19.
comment: Is a nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab

Nasopharyngeal swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Pharyngeal swab specimen
comment: A nasopharyngeal swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the nasal cavity, specifically the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity. The collection of a nasopharyngeal swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the nostril and up to the nasopharynx to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used for respiratory infection testing, including COVID-19.

Nidovirales
type: Class
subclass of: Riboviria
comment: Nidovirales is an order of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates and invertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods, molluscs, and helminths. The order includes the families Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Roniviridae, and Mesoniviridae.

Non-sructural protein of SARS-CoV-2
type: Class
subclass of: Protein of SARS-CoV-2

Organ specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Biospecimen
comment: An organ specimen is a sample of tissue or cells collected from a specific organ of the body for medical testing or diagnosis. The collection of an organ specimen is usually done during a surgical procedure, biopsy, or autopsy, and is commonly used to diagnose various medical conditions such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune diseases. Organ specimens can be analyzed using various techniques, such as histopathology, molecular testing, and imaging, to identify any abnormalities or signs of disease in the organ tissue. Organ specimens are an essential tool for clinicians and researchers to better understand the nature of diseases and develop effective treatments.

Oropharyngeal swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Pharyngeal swab specimen
comment: An oropharyngeal swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the pharynx, specifically the oropharynx, which is the middle part of the pharynx behind the mouth. The collection of an oropharyngeal swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the mouth and down the back of the throat to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used for respiratory infection testing, including COVID-19.

Orthocoronavirinae
type: Class
subclass of: Coronaviridae
comment: Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales and realm Riboviria.

Outbreak investigation
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: An outbreak investigation is a systematic process of identifying the cause and scope of an outbreak of a particular disease or condition in a specific population or geographic area.

Oxford Nanopore technology
type: Class
subclass of: Sequencing technology
comment: Oxford Nanopore technology: Oxford Nanopore technology is a brand of DNA sequencing technology that uses nanopores to detect changes in electrical current as nucleotides pass through, allowing for the identification of the order of nucleotides in a DNA sample.

Pharyngeal swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Upper respiratory tract swab specimen
comment: A pharyngeal swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the back of the throat, specifically from the pharynx. The collection of a pharyngeal swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the mouth and down the back of the throat to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used for respiratory infection testing, including COVID-19.

Plasma specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Blood specimen
comment: Plasma is obtained from blood that has been mixed with an anticoagulant in the collection tube and has, therefore, not clotted. This mixed blood may then be centrifuged, yielding plasma, which contains albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen.

Point mutation
type: Class
subclass of: Mutation
comment: Point mutation is a type of genetic mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another in a DNA sequence, which can alter the genetic code and may result in the production of a different protein or no protein at all.

Protein
type: Class

Protein of SARS-CoV-2
type: Class
subclass of: Protein
comment: A protein is a biomolecule composed of amino acid chains folded into a three-dimensional structure. Proteins play critical roles in biological processes, including catalyzing chemical reactions, regulating gene expression, and serving as structural components of cells and tissues. SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. It has multiple proteins, including the spike protein, envelope protein, membrane protein, and nucleocapsid protein, which are classified as structural proteins. The non-structural proteins include NSP1 to NSP16, and the accessory proteins include ORF1a, ORF1b, ORF3a, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF8, and ORF10. These proteins play a variety of roles in the virus's life cycle and pathogenicity.

Research specific population
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: A research specific population refers to a group of individuals who share certain characteristics and are being studied in a research project or study.

Riboviria
type: Class
subclass of: Virus
comment: Riboviria is a realm of viruses that includes all viruses that use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication. It includes RNA viruses that encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as well as reverse-transcribing viruses (with either RNA or DNA genomes) that encode an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called RNA replicase, produces RNA (ribonucleic acid) from RNA. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RdDp), also called reverse transcriptase (RT), produces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from RNA. These enzymes are essential for replicating the viral genome and transcribing viral genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation of viral proteins.

S-Gene dropout
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: S-Gene dropout refers to the absence of a specific gene, the S gene, in some COVID-19 variants. This can impact the results of certain diagnostic tests, particularly those that target the S gene.

SARS-CoV-2 variant
type: Class
subclass of: Variant
comment: SARS-CoV-2 variant refers to a strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the virus responsible for causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the virus spreads from person to person, it undergoes mutations or changes in its genetic code, leading to the emergence of different strains or variants. Some SARS-CoV-2 variants are classified as variants of concern (VOCs) or variants of interest (VOIs) based on their potential impact on public health. For example, the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) was first identified in the UK and has been associated with increased transmissibility and possibly increased severity of disease. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was first identified in India and has been associated with increased transmissibility and vaccine breakthrough infections. Public health officials closely monitor the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants to determine their potential impact on global health and to make recommendations on public health measures such as vaccination, testing, and quarantine policies. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). About Variants of the Virus that Causes COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html World Health Organization. (2022). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/

SPAdes
type: Class
subclass of: AssemblyMethod
comment: SPAdes Genome Assembler is an open source tool for de novo sequencing.
comment: SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtain
comment: SPAdes is an assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V−SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online (http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades). It is distributed as open source software

Saliva specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Bodily fluid specimen
comment: Saliva sampling is a simple and reliable method for collecting DNA and is a great alternative to blood collection, particularly for those patients who are anxious about having blood collected.

Same patient sampling strategy
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: Same patient sampling strategy involves collecting multiple samples from the same individual over time, in order to track changes in disease status or treatment response.

Sampling strategy
type: Class
comment: A sampling strategy refers to a plan for selecting individuals or groups from a larger population to obtain a representative sample for analysis or research purposes. It involves choosing the sample size, sample type, and sample selection method.

Sanger sequencing
type: Class
subclass of: Sequencing technology
comment: Sanger sequencing: Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that uses fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis, allowing for the identification of the order of nucleotides in a DNA sample

Sentinel surveillance (ARI)
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: Sentinel surveillance for acute respiratory infections (ARI) involves monitoring a network of healthcare facilities or providers for a specific set of symptoms, in order to identify and track outbreaks of respiratory illnesses.

Sentinel surveillance (ILI)
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: Sentinel surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) involves monitoring a network of healthcare facilities or providers for a specific set of symptoms, in order to identify and track outbreaks of influenza or other respiratory illnesses.

Sentinel surveillance (SARI)
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: Sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) involves monitoring a network of healthcare facilities or providers for severe cases of respiratory illness, in order to identify and track outbreaks of severe respiratory illnesses.

Sequencing technology
type: Class
comment: Sequencing technology: Sequencing technology refers to the methods and tools used to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA sample..

Serum specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Blood specimen
comment: Specimen collected from Serum

Specimen
type: Class
comment: A part of a thing, or of several things, taken to demonstrate or to determine the character of the whole, e.g. a substance, or portion of material obtained for use in testing, examination, or study; particularly, a preparation of tissue or bodily fluid taken for examination or diagnosis.
alternative label: Research Specimen
alternative label: Sample

Stool specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Faecal specimen
comment: A stool specimen is a sample of feces collected from an individual for medical testing or diagnosis. It is a non-invasive and commonly used diagnostic tool to detect and diagnose various medical conditions such as gastrointestinal infections, digestive disorders, and colon cancer. Stool specimens can be collected using different methods, including the use of a clean container or a stool collection kit. The collected specimen is then analyzed in a laboratory to detect any abnormalities or signs of infection or disease.
comment: Stool specimen is a sample of the client's feces. It can be analyzed for the presence of blood; mucus; fat; microbes, such as bacteria and parasites; or other abnormal findings.

Structural protein of SARS-CoV-2
type: Class
subclass of: Protein of SARS-CoV-2

Swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Biospecimen
comment: A swab specimen is a sample of cells or secretions collected from an individual's body using a swab, which is a small stick with a cotton or synthetic tip. Swab specimens can be collected from various parts of the body, such as the nose, throat, vagina, or rectum, depending on the type of test being performed. They are commonly used diagnostic tools to detect and diagnose infections such as COVID-19, influenza, and sexually transmitted infections.

Tissue specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Cell specimen
comment: A tissue specimen is a sample of tissue collected from an individual for medical testing or diagnosis. It is a commonly used diagnostic tool to detect and diagnose various medical conditions such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. Tissue specimens can be collected from different parts of the body, such as the skin, organs, or bones, using various techniques, including biopsies and surgical procedures. The collected specimen is then analyzed in a laboratory to detect any abnormalities or signs of disease in the tissue. Tissue specimens are an important tool for clinicians and researchers to better understand the nature of diseases and develop effective treatments.

Tracheal swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Lower respiratory tract swab specimen
comment: A tracheal swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the trachea, which is the tube that carries air to and from the lungs. The collection of a tracheal swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab through the nose or mouth into the trachea to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used to diagnose respiratory infections such as COVID-19 or tuberculosis.

UGENEv.33
type: Class
subclass of: AssemblyMethod
comment: UGENE Features Creating, editing, and annotating nucleic acid and protein sequences Fast search in a sequence Multiple sequence alignment: ClustalW, ClustalO, MUSCLE, Kalign, MAFFT, T-Coffee PCR in silico Search through online databases: NCBI, PDB, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, DAS servers Local and NCBI Genbank BLAST search Open reading frames finder Restriction enzyme finder with integrated REBASE restriction enzymes list Integrated Primer3 package for PCR primer design Plasmid construction and annotation Cloning in silico by designing cloning vectors Genome mapping short reads with Bowtie, BWA, and UGENE Genome Aligner Raw NGS data processing Visualization of next-generation sequencing data (BAM files) using UGENE Assembly Browser Variant calling with SAMtools RNA-seq data analysis with Tuxedo pipeline (TopHat, Cufflinks, etc.) SPAdes de novo assembler HMMER2 and HMMER3 packages integration Chromatogram viewer Search for transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) with weight matrix and SITECON algorithms Search for direct, inverted, and tandem repeats in DNA sequences Local sequence alignment with optimized Smith-Waterman algorithm Building (using integrated IQ-TREE, PHYLIP Neighbor Joining, MrBayes or PhyML Maximum Likelyhood) and editing phylogenetic trees Combining various algorithms into custom workflows with UGENE Workflow Designer Contigs assembly with CAP3 3D Structure viewer for files in PDB and MMDB formats, anaglyph view support Protein secondary structure prediction with GOR IV and PSIPRED algorithms Constructing dotplots for nucleic acid sequences mRNA alignment with Spidey Search for a pattern of various algorithms’ results in a nucleic acid sequence with UGENE Query Designer
comment: Unipro UGENE is a free cross-platform genome analysis suite. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

Upper respiratory tract swab specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Swab specimen
comment: An upper respiratory tract swab specimen is a sample of secretions collected from the upper respiratory tract, which includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. The collection of an upper respiratory tract swab specimen involves the insertion of a swab into the nostril or mouth to collect a sample of secretions, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. It is commonly used to diagnose respiratory infections such as COVID-19 or influenza.

Urine specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Bodily fluid specimen
comment: A urine specimen is a sample of urine collected from an individual for medical testing, diagnosis, or monitoring. It is a non-invasive and commonly used diagnostic tool to detect and diagnose various medical conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, and diabetes.

Variant
type: Class
comment: A variant is a viral genome (genetic code) that may contain one or more mutations. In some cases, a group of variants with similar genetic changes, such as a lineage or group of lineages, may be designated by public health organizations as a Variant Being Monitored (VBM), Variant of Concern (VOC) or a Variant of Interest (VOI) due to shared attributes and characteristics that may require public health action.

Virus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cause disease
  some values from: Disease
comment: An infectious agent which consists of two parts, genetic material and a protein coat. These organisms lack independent metabolism, and they must infect the cells of other types of organisms to reproduce. Most viruses are capable of passing through fine filters that retain bacteria, and are not visible through a light microscope. (NCI)
comment: Group of minute infectious agents characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and by the ability to replicate only within living host cells; have capsid, may have DNA or RNA (not both). (CSP)
comment: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. (MSH)

Waste water surveillance specimen
type: Class
subclass of: Environmental specimen
comment: Wastewater surveillance specimen is a type of environmental specimen that refers to samples taken from the sewage or wastewater system to monitor the presence and prevalence of pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2.

Wastewater testing
type: Class
subclass of: Sampling strategy
comment: Wastewater testing involves analyzing samples of wastewater to detect and monitor the presence of specific pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, in a population or geographic area.

Vaccination statistics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Statistics
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: vaccination
    some values from: integer
subclass of: Statistics
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: age group
  some values from: Age Group
comment: Vaccination statistics refer to numerical data that provides information about the number of people who have received one or more doses of a vaccine. These statistics are used to monitor and track the progress of vaccination programs and to assess the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns and interventions. Vaccination statistics typically include the total number of doses administered, the number of people who have received one or more doses of the vaccine, the percentage of the population that has been vaccinated, and other relevant data points such as age, gender, and geographical location of the vaccinated population.

Vaccine
type: Class
subclass of: Immunogen
comment: An immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies.
alternative label: vaccinum

Vaccine shot
type: Class
comment: A vaccine is a substance that helps the body develop immunity to a specific disease by introducing a small, harmless piece of the virus or bacteria that causes the disease. Vaccines are usually given in multiple doses, spaced out over time, to ensure that the body develops a strong and long-lasting immune response. Each dose of a vaccine is called a "vaccine shot" or simply a "shot." For example, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is given in two doses, three weeks apart, and each dose is a "vaccine shot." It's important to note that getting the full series of vaccine shots is usually necessary to achieve full immunity to a disease, and it's important to follow the recommended schedule for vaccine doses to ensure maximum protection.
alternative label: Vaccine dose

Vital sign
type: Class
comment: The vital signs of a suspected covid-19 patient as found through clinical evidences.
comment: sign of life; usually an indicator of a person's general physical condition; "he was still alive but his vital signs were weak"
label: VitalSign

Vulnerable to COVID-19
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Class
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has present illness
        has value: Cancer
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has present illness
        has value: Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has present illness
        has value: Obesity
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has present illness
        has value: RespiratoryDisease
    union of: Class
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has social history
        has value: Alcohol
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has social history
        has value: PhysicalInactivity
      union of: Restriction
        on property: has social history
        has value: Smoking
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has comorbid chronic disease
      has value: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
    union of: Restriction
      on property: has exposure to
      has value: AirPollution
subclass of: Person
comment: COVID-19 is often more severe in people who are older than 60 years or who has certain bad health habit or who have health conditions like lung or heart disease, diabetes or conditions that affect their immune system.​
comment: Defined as per WHO recommended Risk Factors, i.e., Obesity, Smoking, Alcohol, Physical Inactivity, Pollution, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Respiratory Disease, and Cancer. (COVID-19 and NCD risk factors, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ncds/un-interagency-task-force-on-ncds/uniatf-policy-brief-ncds-and-covid-030920-poster.pdf)

Governance and socio-economic measures
type: Class
subclass of: Preventive measure

Measure
type: Class

Movement restriction
type: Class
subclass of: Preventive measure

Preventive measure
type: Class
subclass of: Measure
comment: Preventive measure to contain the surge in COVID-19 cases.

Public health measure
type: Class
subclass of: Preventive measure

Response
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: spatial coverage
  some values from: Place
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has response component
  some values from: Response component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is response of
  some values from: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: date
  some values from: dateTime
comment: Response measures are actions, policies, and programmes that. countries, as Parties to the UN Framework Convention on. Climate Change (UNFCCC), undertake in response to climate. change, mostly for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
comment: Response measures means any reasonable measures taken by any person in relation to a particular incident to prevent or minimize transboundary harm.

Response component
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Response component
  intersection of: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: imposed preventive measure
      some values from: Preventive measure
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: target
      some values from: Class
        union of: Civic structure
        union of: Local business
        union of: Public health measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is response component of
  some values from: Response
comment: Part of a response.

Social distancing
type: Class
subclass of: Preventive measure

Weather condition
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Cloud
  one of: Fog
  one of: Hail
  one of: Light Cloud
  one of: Light RainSun
  one of: Overcast
  one of: Partly Cloud
  one of: Rain
  one of: Sleet
  one of: Snow
  one of: Sun
  one of: Thunder
comment: One-word description of the observed weather condition.

Weather information
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: weather condition
  some values from: Weather condition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: location
  some values from: Place
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: date
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: dateTime
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cloud cover
  max qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: decimal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: humidity
  max qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: float
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: precipitation
  max qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: float
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: wind speed
  max qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: float
comment: Weather information

Woman
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has gender
    has value: Female
subclass of: Person
comment: A women.

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Amiodarone DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Amiodarone
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
comment: Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Amiodarone

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Carbamazepine DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Carbamazepine
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
comment: Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir and Carbamazepine

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Clopidogrel DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Clopidogrel
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
comment: Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Clopidogrel

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Clozapine DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Clozapine
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
comment: Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Clozapine

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Disopyramide DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Disopyramide
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
comment: Drug-drug interatction between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Disopyramide

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Dofetilide DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Dofetilide
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Dronedarone DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Dronedarone
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Eplerenone DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Eplerenone
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Flecainide DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Flecainide
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Ivabradine DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Ivabradine
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Lurasidone DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Lurasidone
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Midazolam DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Midazolam
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Phenobarbital DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Phenobarbital
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Phenytoin DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Phenytoin
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Pimozide DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Pimozide
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Primidone DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Primidone
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Propafenone DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Propafenone
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Quinidine DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Quinidine
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Rifampin DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Rifampin
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Rifapentine DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Rifapentine
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI
comment: Drug-drug interaction between Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir and Rifapentine

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Sildenafil DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Sildenafil
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Vardenafil DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Vardenafil
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Voclosporin DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: COVIDRO Voclosporin
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

Ritonavir-BoostedNirmatrelvir/Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir DDI
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has concommitant
    has value: Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
subclass of: COVID-19 therapeutics DDI

COVID‑19 vaccine
type: Class
subclass of: Vaccine
comment: a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), , the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

A27S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

A51V
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS3
occurred in: NSP6

A63T
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: M gene

Generalized aches and pains (finding)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: SCTID: 82991003

0-2 months
type: NamedIndividual
type: Age Group

Ahmedabad
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Gujarat
contained in: India
has state: Gujarat
geo name: Ahmedabad
latitude: 23.03
longitude: 72.58

Ajmer
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Rajasthan
has state: Rajasthan
geo name: Ajmer
latitude: 26.4499
longitude: 74.6399

Amsterdam
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Netherlands
has country: Netherlands
geo name: Amsterdam
latitude: 52.366667
longitude: 4.9

Anantapur
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Andhra Pradesh
contained in: India
contains: Hindupur
has state: Andhra Pradesh
geo name: Anantapur

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Union Territory
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
comment: A union territory of India comprising 572 islands of which 37 are inhabited, are a group of islands at the juncture of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.

Andhra Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Anantapur
contains: Hindupur
contains: Vishakapatnam
has country: India
geo name: Andhra Pradesh

Argentina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Argentina

Assam
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Assam

Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine
type: NamedIndividual
type: COVID‑19 vaccine
alternative label: AZD1222
alternative label: ChAdOx1 nCoV19
alternative label: Covishield

Athens
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Greece
has country: Greece
geo name: Athens
latitude: 37.983972
longitude: 23.727806

Bagalkote
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Bagalkote
latitude: 16.1817
longitude: 75.6958

Bahrain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Bahrain

Bangalore
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bangalore-Urban
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has district: Bangalore-Urban
geo name: Bangalore
latitude: 12.983333
longitude: 77.583333

Bangalore-Urban
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Bangalore
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Bangalore-Urban

Bangalore Rural
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Nelamangala
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Bangalore Rural

Bangladesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Bangladesh

Baroda
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Gujarat
contained in: India
has state: Gujarat
geo name: Baroda
latitude: 22.3
longitude: 73.2

Belagavi
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Belagavi
latitude: 15.85
longitude: 74.5

Bellary
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Bellary District
latitude: 15.1
longitude: 76.916667

Bengaluru Urban
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contains: Bagalkote
contains: Bangalore
contains: Bangalore-Urban
contains: Bangalore Rural
contains: Belagavi
contains: Bellary
contains: Bhatkal
contains: Bidar
contains: Carwar
contains: Chamarajanagar
contains: Channagiri
contains: Chikkaballapur
contains: Chitradurga
contains: Davangere
contains: Dharwad
contains: Gadag
contains: Gadag-Betageri
contains: Gulbarga
contains: Hassan
contains: Haveri
contains: Hubballi
contains: Hubli
contains: Humnabad
contains: Kalaburagi
contains: Kalburgi
contains: Karnataka
contains: Karwara
contains: Coorg
contains: Koppal
contains: Koppala
contains: Madikeri
contains: Mandya
contains: Mangalore
contains: Mangaluru
contains: Mysore
contains: Nanjangud
contains: Nelamangala
contains: Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
contains: Raichore
contains: Ramanagara
contains: Shahapur
contains: Shivamogga
contains: Tumkur
contains: Udupi
contains: Uttar Kannada
contains: North Canara
contains: Vijayapura
contains: Yadgir
geo name: Bengaluru Urban

Bhatkal
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Bhatkal
latitude: 13.967
longitude: 74.567

Bidar
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Humnabad
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Bidar
latitude: 17.9
longitude: 77.5

Bihar
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
geo name: Bihar

Botswana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country

Brazil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Brazil

Breathing without difficulty
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Breathlessness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: A dyspneic condition.
alternative label: Shortness of breath

C90Y
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS8

COVAXIN
type: NamedIndividual
type: COVID‑19 vaccine
alternative label: BBV152

COVID-19
type: NamedIndividual
type: Coronavirus disease
comment: A Coronavirus infection that is characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath and that has_material_basis_in SARS-CoV-2 (source: obo).
comment: A disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
comment: Disease caused by 2019 novel coronavirus
comment: Disease caused by 2019-nCoV
comment: NCI:C171133
comment: SCTID: 840539006
alternative label: 2019 Novel Coronavirus

COVID-19 Antibody Tests
type: NamedIndividual
comment: The body responds to a viral infection by producing antibodies that help neutralize the virus. Blood tests (also called serology tests or serology immunoassays) can detect the presence of such antibodies.
alternative label: Serology blood test
alternative label: Serology test
alternative label: serological test

COVIDRO ALPS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immunocompromised state
comment: utoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare immune disorder first described by NIH scientists in the mid-1990s that can cause numerous autoimmune problems, such as low levels of red blood cells, clot-forming platelets, and infection-fighting white blood cells. These problems can increase the risk of infection and hemorrhage. Read more about autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS).
alternative label: Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

COVIDRO APS-1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immunocompromised state
comment: Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1), also called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), causes a diverse range of symptoms, including autoimmunity against different types of organs and increased susceptibility to candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by Candida yeast. Read more about APS-1 (APECED).
alternative label: Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1

COVIDRO AchesAndPains
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Aches and pains

BENTA-Disease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immunocompromised state
comment: BENTA disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system caused by mutations in the gene CARD11. The disease is characterized by high levels of certain immune cells starting in infancy, an enlarged spleen, enlarged lymph nodes, immunodeficiency, and an elevated risk of lymphoma, a type of cancer Read more about BENTA disease

COVIDRO BreathingWithoutDifficulty
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Breathing without difficulty

COVIDRO Breathlessness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Breathlessness

CEDS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immunocompromised state
comment: Caspase eight deficiency state, or CEDS, is a very rare genetic disorder of the immune system caused by mutations in the CASP8 gene. CEDS is characterized by an enlarged spleen and lymph nodes, recurrent sinus and lung infections, recurrent viral infections, and a low level of infection-fighting antibodies. NIH researchers first described this condition in two siblings in 2002.
alternative label: Caspase eight deficiency state

COVID-19
type: NamedIndividual
type: Coronavirus disease
alternative label: 2019 Novel Coronavirus

COVIDRO CardiovascularDisease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder
comment: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

COVIDRO ChronicKidneyDisease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder
comment: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

COVIDRO ChronicKidneyInsufficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder
comment: Chronic Kidney Insufficiency (CKI)

COVIDRO ChronicLiverDisease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder
comment: Chronic Liver Disease (CLD)

COVIDRO ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder
comment: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

COVIDRO Cough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Cough

COVIDRO DiabetesMellitus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease
type: Disorder
comment: Diabetes mellitus

COVIDRO Dyspnea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Dyspnea

COVIDRO Fever
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
type: Adverse effect
comment: Fever

HIV
type: NamedIndividual
type: Infectious disease
alternative label: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

High-Titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma
type: NamedIndividual
type: COVID-19 convalescent plasma
approved by: COVIDRO FDA-EUA
has adverse effect: COVIDRO TACO
has adverse effect: COVIDRO TRALI

COVIDRO Hypertension
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cardiovascular system disease
type: Disorder
comment: Hypertension

COVIDRO IschemicHeartDisease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder
comment: Ischemic heart disease

COVIDRO Malaise
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Malaise

Molnupiravir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug
approved by: COVIDRO FDA-EUA
has adverse effect: COVIDRO Diarrhea
has adverse effect: COVIDRO Dizziness
has adverse effect: COVIDRO Nausea

COVIDRO NotReported
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder
comment: Not reported

COVIDRO P00001
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has occupation: COVIDRO Paramedics
has immunocompromised state: COVIDRO ALPS
has underlying health condition: COVIDRO ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease
most recent vital sign: COVIDRO vital00001
age: 70

COVIDRO P00002
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has symptom: COVIDRO BreathingWithoutDifficulty
has symptom: COVIDRO Cough
has symptom: COVIDRO Fever
has symptom: COVIDRO Pneumonia
most recent vital sign: COVIDRO vital00002
is pregnant: true

COVIDRO P00003
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
most recent vital sign: COVIDRO vital00003
age: 17

COVIDRO P00004
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has immunocompromised state: BENTA-Disease
has underlying health condition: COVIDRO Cancer
has symptom: COVIDRO BreathingWithoutDifficulty
has symptom: COVIDRO Cough
has symptom: COVIDRO Pneumonia
has symptom: COVIDRO SoreThroat
age: 15

COVIDRO P00005
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has underlying health condition: COVIDRO Pregnant
has symptom: COVIDRO BreathingWithoutDifficulty
has symptom: COVIDRO Cough
has symptom: COVIDRO Pneumonia
patient status: COVIDRO Hospitalized
age: 44
weight: 77

COVIDRO P00006
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has present medical history: COVIDRO PresentMedicalHistory P00006
has underlying health condition: COVIDRO DiabetesMellitus
has symptom: COVIDRO BreathingWithoutDifficulty
has symptom: COVIDRO Cough
has symptom: COVIDRO SoreThroat
age: 67
weight: 80

COVIDRO P00007
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has present medical history: COVIDRO PresentMedicalHistory P00007
has treatment procedure: COVIDRO ExtracorporealMembraneOxygenation
has treatment procedure: COVIDRO Non-InvasiveMechanicalVentilation
has treatment procedure: COVIDRO SupplementalOxygen
patient status: COVIDRO Hospitalized
age: 22

COVIDRO P00008
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has present medical history: COVIDRO PresentMedicalHistory P00008
has underlying health condition: COVIDRO Cancer
has symptom: COVIDRO BreathingWithoutDifficulty
has symptom: COVIDRO Cough
has symptom: COVIDRO SoreThroat
age: 66
weight: 90

COVIDRO P00009
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has occupation: COVIDRO Lawyer
age: 14

COVIDRO P00010
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has present medical history: COVIDRO PresentMedicalHistory P00010
has symptom: COVIDRO BreathingWithoutDifficulty
has symptom: COVIDRO Cough
age: 68
weight: 90

COVIDRO Pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Pain

COVIDRO Pneumonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Pneumonia

Remdesivir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug
approved by: COVIDRO FDA
has adverse effect: COVIDRO Nausea

Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug
approved by: COVIDRO FDA-EUA
has adverse effect: COVIDRO Anaphylaxis
has adverse effect: COVIDRO Diarrhea
has adverse effect: COVIDRO Dysgeusia
may interacts with: COVIDRO Amiodarone
may interacts with: COVIDRO Carbamazepine
may interacts with: COVIDRO Clopidogrel
may interacts with: COVIDRO Clozapine
may interacts with: COVIDRO Disopyramide
may interacts with: COVIDRO Dofetilide
may interacts with: COVIDRO Dronedarone
may interacts with: COVIDRO Eplerenone
may interacts with: COVIDRO Flecainide
may interacts with: COVIDRO Ivabradine
may interacts with: COVIDRO Lurasidone
may interacts with: COVIDRO Midazolam
may interacts with: COVIDRO Phenobarbital
may interacts with: COVIDRO Phenytoin
may interacts with: COVIDRO Pimozide
may interacts with: COVIDRO Primidone
may interacts with: COVIDRO Propafenone
may interacts with: COVIDRO Quinidine
may interacts with: COVIDRO Rifampin
may interacts with: COVIDRO Rifapentine
may interacts with: COVIDRO Sildenafil
may interacts with: COVIDRO Vardenafil
may interacts with: COVIDRO Voclosporin
may interacts with: Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Aspirin
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Cetirizine
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Diphenhydramine
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Famotidine
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Fexofenadine
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Loratadine
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Omeprazole
may not interacts with: COVIDRO Pantoprazole
alternative label: Paxlovid

COVIDRO RunnyNose
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Runny nose

COVIDRO SeverePneumonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Severe pneumonia

COVIDRO Sneezing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Sneezing

COVIDRO SoreThroat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Sore throat

URTI
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

COVIDRO vital00001
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vital sign
BMI: 25

COVIDRO vital00002
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vital sign
BMI: 67
DBP: 55
SBP: 70
SpO2: 88

COVIDRO vital00003
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vital sign
BMI: 30

CT scan
type: NamedIndividual
comment: a medical imaging technique used in radiology (x-ray) to obtain detailed internal images of the body noninvasively for diagnostic purposes.
comment: formerly known as computed axial tomography or CAT scan

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

Carwar
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Carwar

CentersForDiseaseControl
type: NamedIndividual
type: Diagnostic lab
location: Taiwan
address: 161, Kunyang Street 11561 Taipei Taiwan

Chamarajanagar
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Chamarajanagar
latitude: 11.926
longitude: 76.9402

Channagiri
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: Davangere
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has district: Davangere
geo name: Channagiri
latitude: 14.03
longitude: 75.93

Chattisgadh
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Chattisgadh

Chennai
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Tamil Nadu
has state: Tamil Nadu
geo name: Chennai
latitude: 13.0825
longitude: 80.275

Chikkaballapur
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Chikkaballapur
latitude: 13.43
longitude: 77.72

Chikmagalur
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
geo name: Chikmagalur
latitude: 13.313
longitude: 75.737

Chitradurga
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Chitradurga
latitude: 14.23
longitude: 76.4

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

Chronic Kidney Insufficiency (CKI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

Chronic Liver Disease (CLD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

Cloud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Colombo
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Sri Lanka
contained in: Western Province
has state: Western Province
geo name: Colombo
latitude: 6.934444
longitude: 79.842778

Conjunctivitis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Less common symptom
alternative label: red eyes

ContainmentZonesCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Contact cluster
comment: Containment Zones : The patients who were contacts of Conatinment Zones and their contacts. Some patients have the Ward represented in the Reason column.

Cough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Respiratory symptom
comment: SCTID: 49727002

Covid Care Centre (CCC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: COVID-19 care facility
comment: Any facility, such as hotels/lodges/hostels/stadiums for providing care to COVID-19 patients are reffered as Covid Care Centre (CCC).

D3N
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: M gene

D405N
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

D614G
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

D796Y
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

D99del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NSP6

Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Union Territory
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu
comment: Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DNHDD) is a union territory in western India.

Dakshina Kannada
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: India
contains: Mangalore
contains: Mangaluru
has country: India
geo name: Dakshina Kannada District

Daman And Diu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Union Territory
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Daman And Diu
comment: Until June 2019, Daman and Diu was an Union Territory of India. But since July 2019 it was merged to another Union Territory of India "Dadra and Nagar Haveli" and togtrehr formed a single union territory "Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DNHDD)."

Dammam
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Saudi Arabia
has country: Saudi Arabia
geo name: Dammam
latitude: 26.433333
longitude: 50.1

Davangere
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Channagiri
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Davangere
geo name: Davangere District
latitude: 14.4666
longitude: 75.9242

Debaspete
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Debaspete

Dedicated Covid Health Centre (DCHC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: COVID-19 care facility
comment: The Dedicated COVID Health Centre are hospitals that shall offer care for all cases that have been clinically assigned as moderate.

Dedicated Covid Hospital (DCH)
type: NamedIndividual
type: COVID-19 care facility
comment: The Dedicated COVID Hospitals are hospitals that shall offer comprehensive care primarily for those who have been clinically assigned as severe.

Delhi
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Delhi
latitude: 28.61
longitude: 77.23

Dharwad
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Dharwad
geo name: Dharwad District
latitude: 15.458333
longitude: 75.008333

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease
type: Disorder

Diarrhea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Less common symptom
comment: SCTID: 62315008

Diu
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Diu
latitude: 20.71
longitude: 70.98

Doha
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
geo name: Doha
latitude: 25.286667
longitude: 51.533333

DomesticTravelHistoryAbsentCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: India
comment: Domestic Travel History Absent : The patients for whom the information was given as "Travel History-Domestic"

Dry cough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Most common symptom
type: Respiratory symptom
comment: SCTID: 11833005

Dubai
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
geo name: Dubai
latitude: 25.263056
longitude: 55.297222

Dyspnea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: difficult or labored respiration
alternative label: Dyspnoea

E gene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structural protein of SARS-CoV-2
of gene: E-gene

E31del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: N gene

E484A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Edinburgh
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Scotland
contained in: United Kingdom
has state: Scotland
geo name: Edinburgh
latitude: 55.953
longitude: -3.189

F108del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NSP6

F157L
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

F486V
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

F490P
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

F490S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

F59W
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP6

F63L
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS7a

F66del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NSP6

F694Y
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

Fever
type: NamedIndividual
type: Most common symptom
comment: SCTID: 386661006

Fog
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

France
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Paris
geo name: France

G1001S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP3

G100C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS3

G100H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS3

G100del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NS3

G107del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NSP6

G1099D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

G142D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

G204R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: N gene

G257S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

G339D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

G339H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

G446S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

G489S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP3

G66A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS8

G66del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NS8

G671S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

Gadag
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has country: India
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Gadag
latitude: 15.4167
longitude: 75.6167

Gadag-Betageri
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has country: India
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Gadag-Betageri
latitude: 15.4167
longitude: 75.6167

Germany
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Germany

Goa
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
geo name: Goa
latitude: 15.5
longitude: 73.83

Greece
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Athens
geo name: Greece

Gujarat
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Ahmedabad
contains: Baroda
contains: Surat
has country: India
geo name: Gujarat

GujaratCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: Gujarat
comment: From Gujarat : The patients with travel history to Gujarat and their contacts.

Gulbarga
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Gulbarga
latitude: 17.329
longitude: 76.825

Guyana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Guyana
comment: officially the Co‑operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America.

H655Y
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

H69del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: Spike

H83del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NSP1

H882R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

H882Y
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

Hacking cough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Respiratory symptom
comment: SCTTID: 59994004

Hail
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Haryana
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Haryana

Hassan
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Hassan
latitude: 13.012
longitude: 76.068

Haveri
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Haveri
latitude: 14.793889
longitude: 75.403889

Himachal Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Himachal Pradesh

Hindupur
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Anantapur
contained in: Andhra Pradesh
contained in: India
has district: Anantapur
geo name: Hindupur
latitude: 13.83
longitude: 77.49

Hong Kong
type: NamedIndividual
type: City

Hubballi
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Hubballi
latitude: 15.350217
longitude: 75.137625

Hubli
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Hubli
latitude: 15.350217
longitude: 75.137625
comment: Hubli, officially known as Hubballi, is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka.

Humnabad
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: Bidar
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has district: Bidar
geo name: Humnabad
latitude: 17.77
longitude: 77.13
comment: a City and municipal council in the Bidar District of the Indian state of Karnataka and city is a headquarters of Humnabad taluk.

Hyderabad
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Telangana
has state: Telangana
geo name: Hyderabad
latitude: 17.37
longitude: 78.48

Hypertension (HTN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

I1013T
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

I103C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS7a

I106T
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

I106V
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP8

I107M
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS7a

I210V
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

I223M
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

I42V
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP14
occurred in: NSP2

India
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Ahmedabad
contains: Ajmer
contains: Anantapur
contains: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
contains: Andhra Pradesh
contains: Assam
contains: Bagalkote
contains: Bangalore
contains: Bangalore-Urban
contains: Bangalore Rural
contains: Baroda
contains: Belagavi
contains: Bellary
contains: Bhatkal
contains: Bidar
contains: Carwar
contains: Chamarajanagar
contains: Channagiri
contains: Chattisgadh
contains: Chennai
contains: Chikkaballapur
contains: Chitradurga
contains: Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu
contains: Dakshina Kannada
contains: Daman And Diu
contains: Davangere
contains: Debaspete
contains: Delhi
contains: Dharwad
contains: Diu
contains: Gadag
contains: Gadag-Betageri
contains: Gujarat
contains: Gulbarga
contains: Haryana
contains: Hassan
contains: Haveri
contains: Himachal Pradesh
contains: Hindupur
contains: Hubballi
contains: Hubli
contains: Humnabad
contains: Hyderabad
contains: Jalgaon
contains: Jammu
contains: Jammu And Kashmir
contains: Jharkhand
contains: Kalaburagi
contains: Kalburgi
contains: Karnataka
contains: Karwara
contains: Kashmir
contains: Kerala
contains: Coorg
contains: Kolhapur
contains: Kolkata
contains: Koppal
contains: Koppala
contains: Madhya Pradesh
contains: Madikeri
contains: Madurai
contains: Maharashtra
contains: Mandya
contains: Mangalore
contains: Mangaluru
contains: Manipur
contains: Mumbai
contains: Mysore
contains: Nagaland
contains: Nandurbar
contains: Nanjangud
contains: Nelamangala
contains: Palghar
contains: Panvel
contains: Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
contains: Pune
contains: Raichore
contains: Raigad

Indonesia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Indonesia

Influenza Like Illness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease cluster
comment: Influenza like illness : The patients showing influenza like symptoms and their contacts.
alternative label: ILI

Iraq
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Iraq
geo name: Republic of Iraq
comment: A country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.
label: Republic of Iraq

Ireland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Ireland

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

Italy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Italy

Jalgaon
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Jalgaon
geo name: Jalgaon District
latitude: 20.997984
longitude: 75.566711

Jammu
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Jammu And Kashmir
has state: Jammu And Kashmir
geo name: Jammu
latitude: 32.73
longitude: 74.87
comment: Jammu is the winter capital and the largest city in Jammu district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Jammu And Kashmir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Union Territory
contained in: India
contains: Jammu
has country: India
geo name: Jammu And Kashmir

Jeddah
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Saudi Arabia
has country: Saudi Arabia
geo name: Jeddah
latitude: 21.543333
longitude: 39.172778

Jharkhand
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Shikharaji
has country: India
geo name: Jharkhand

June-27TraceHistoryAbsentCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time cluster
date: 2020-06-27T00:00:00
event date: 2020-06-27T00:00:00
comment: 27-June Trace History Absent : On this day, no trace history information was given for the patients. Patients who were contacts of these individuals are also in this cluster.

June-28TraceHistoryAbsentCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time cluster
date: 2020-06-28T00:00:00
event date: 2020-06-28T00:00:00
comment: 28-June Trace History Absent : On this day, no trace history information was given for the patients. Patients who were contacts of these individuals are also in this cluster.

June-29TraceHistoryAbsentCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time cluster
date: 2020-06-29T00:00:00
event date: 2020-06-29T00:00:00
comment: 29-June Trace History Absent : On this day, no trace history information was given for the patients. Patients who were contacts of these individuals are also in this cluster.

K147E
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

K411R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

K417N
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

K417T
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Kalaburagi
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Kalaburagi
latitude: 17.329
longitude: 76.825

Kalburgi
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Kalburgi
latitude: 17.329
longitude: 76.825

Karnataka
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contains: Bagalkote
contains: Bangalore
contains: Bangalore-Urban
contains: Bangalore Rural
contains: Belagavi
contains: Bellary
contains: Bhatkal
contains: Bidar
contains: Carwar
contains: Chamarajanagar
contains: Channagiri
contains: Chikkaballapur
contains: Chitradurga
contains: Davangere
contains: Dharwad
contains: Gadag
contains: Gadag-Betageri
contains: Gulbarga
contains: Hassan
contains: Haveri
contains: Hubballi
contains: Hubli
contains: Humnabad
contains: Kalaburagi
contains: Kalburgi
contains: Karwara
contains: Coorg
contains: Koppal
contains: Koppala
contains: Madikeri
contains: Mandya
contains: Mangalore
contains: Mangaluru
contains: Mysore
contains: Nanjangud
contains: Nelamangala
contains: Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
contains: Raichore
contains: Ramanagara
contains: Shahapur
contains: Shivamogga
contains: Tumkur
contains: Udupi
contains: Uttar Kannada
contains: North Canara
contains: Vijayapura
contains: Yadgir
has country: India
geo name: Karnataka

Karwara
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Karwara

Kashmir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic region
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Kashmir

Kerala
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Trivandrum
has country: India
geo name: Kerala

Coorg
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Madikeri
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Coorg
geo name: Kodagu
geo name: Kodagu District
comment: Kodagu, also called Coorg, is a district in Karnataka State.
label: Kodagu

Kolhapur
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Kolhapur
latitude: 16.691667
longitude: 74.233333

Kolkata
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: West Bengal
has state: West Bengal
geo name: Kolkata
latitude: 22.5726
longitude: 88.3639

Koppal
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contained in: Koppala
has district: Koppala
geo name: Koppal
geo name: Koppala
latitude: 15.35
longitude: 76.15
comment: a city in Koppala district in the Indian state of Karnataka.
label: Koppala

Koppala
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Koppal
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Koppala District

Kuwait
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Kuwait

L14del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NS7b

L177F
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP14

L24del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: Spike

L264F
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP4

L438F
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP4

L452Q
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

L452R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Light Cloud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Light RainSun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

London
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: United Kingdom
has country: United Kingdom
geo name: London
latitude: 51.507222
longitude: -0.1275

M gene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structural protein of SARS-CoV-2
of gene: M-gene

M101I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: N gene

M1050I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

M124I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Betacoronavirus

Madhya Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Madhya Pradesh

Madikeri
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contained in: Coorg
has district: Coorg
geo name: Madikeri
latitude: 12.4209
longitude: 75.7397

Madrid
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Spain
has country: Spain
geo name: Madrid
latitude: 40.416667
longitude: -3.716667

Madurai
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: India
contained in: Tamil Nadu
has state: Tamil Nadu
geo name: Madurai
geo name: Madurai District
latitude: 9.9
longitude: 78.1

Maharashtra
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Jalgaon
contains: Kolhapur
contains: Mumbai
contains: Nandurbar
contains: Palghar
contains: Panvel
contains: Pune
contains: Raigad
contains: Ratnagiri
contains: Solapur
contains: Thane
has country: India
geo name: Maharashtra

MaharashtraCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: Maharashtra
comment: From Maharashtra : The patients with travel history to Maharashtra and their contacts.

Malaise
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
type: General body state finding
comment: physical discomfort (as mild sickness or depression) (Source: WordNet)
is defined by: SNOMED CT
alternative label: SCTID: 367391008

Malaysia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Malaysia

Mandya
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Mandya
latitude: 12.52
longitude: 76.9

Mangalore
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: Dakshina Kannada
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has district: Dakshina Kannada
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Mangalore
latitude: 12.78563
longitude: 74.84108

Mangaluru
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: Dakshina Kannada
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has district: Dakshina Kannada
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Mangaluru
latitude: 12.78563
longitude: 74.84108

Manipur
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Manipur

Mecca
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Saudi Arabia
has country: Saudi Arabia
geo name: Mecca
latitude: 21.4225
longitude: 39.823333

Membrane Protein
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structural protein of SARS-CoV-2
of gene: M-gene
acronym: M

Middle East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic region
geo name: Middle East

MiddleEastCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: Middle East
comment: From Middle East : The patients with travel to the Middle East and their contacts.

Mumbai
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Mumbai
latitude: 18.975
longitude: 72.825833

Muscat
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Oman
has country: Oman
geo name: Muscat
latitude: 23.588889
longitude: 58.408333

Mysore
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Nanjangud
contains: Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Mysore

N gene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structural protein of SARS-CoV-2
of gene: N-gene

N118S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP8

N440K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N448D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N450D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N460K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N481K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N501Y
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N618Y
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP3

N679K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N679del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: Spike

N734D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

N764K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N82del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NSP6

N84K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP4

N856S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

N89I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS8

N95S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP9

N969K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Nagaland
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: Nagaland

Nandurbar
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Nandurbar
geo name: Nandurbar District
latitude: 21.37
longitude: 74.25

Nanjangud
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contained in: Mysore
contains: Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
has district: Mysore
geo name: Nanjangud
latitude: 12.12
longitude: 76.68

Nelamangala
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bangalore Rural
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has district: Bangalore Rural
geo name: Nelamangala
latitude: 13.102
longitude: 77.374

Nepal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Nepal

Nerve damage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Other less common symptom

Netherlands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Amsterdam
geo name: Netherlands

New York City
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: New York State
contained in: USA
has state: New York State
geo name: New York City
latitude: 40.71274
longitude: -74.005974

New York State
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: USA
contains: New York City
has country: USA
geo name: New York State

Not reported
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disorder

Oman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Muscat
geo name: Oman

Other sexual orientation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gender type

Overcast
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

P132H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP5

P13L
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: N gene

P25del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: Spike

P26del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: Spike

P323L
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

P681H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

P681R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

P822S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP3

Pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: SCTID: 22253000

Palghar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Town
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Palghar

Panvel
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
contained in: Raigad
has district: Raigad
geo name: Panvel
latitude: 18.994444
longitude: 73.113889
comment: a locality in Raigad district of Maharashtra in India.

Paris
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: France
has country: France
geo name: Paris
latitude: 48.856613
longitude: 2.352222

Partly Cloud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Persistent pain in chest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Severe COVID-19 symptom

Persistent pressure in chest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Severe COVID-19 symptom

Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Business organization
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contained in: Mysore
contained in: Nanjangud
has city: Nanjangud

PharmaceuticalCompanyInNanjangudCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Contact cluster
spatial coverage: Pharmaceutical Company In Nanjangud
comment: Pharmaceutical Company in Nanjangud : This patients who were workers of a Pharmaceutical Company in Nanjangud, Mysore along with their contacts.

Philippines
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Philippines

Pneumonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: Pneumonia is classified as severe when the heart, the kidneys or the circulatory system are at risk of failing, or if the lungs can no longer take in enough oxygen.

Postoperative diagnosis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disgnosis type

Pregnancy scanning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disgnosis type
comment: The patient was discovered to have a disease as a result of tests given during pregnancy.

Preoperative diagnosis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disgnosis type
comment: SCTID: 406520001
comment: The patient was discovered to have another disease as the result of tests given before surgery.

Pune
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Pune
latitude: 18.520278
longitude: 73.856667

Punjab
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
geo name: Punjab

Q19E
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: M gene

Q498R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Q954H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

R183E
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

R203K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: N gene

R32del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: N gene

R392C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP13

R408S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

R41P
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: N gene

R41del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: N gene

R43C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP1

R4H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP2

R507G
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP13

R52C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP2

R595S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP13

R683del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: Spike

R68I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS3

R712K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP3

R726K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

R75K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP8

R78C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS7a

R810C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP3

R914K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP12

R93H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP6

R96I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP8

R99K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP1

RT-PCR tests
type: NamedIndividual
comment: The Molecular test, commonly known as the RT-PCR test, is a method of testing that is used to directly detect the presence of the virus in the sample
comment: a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
alternative label: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

Raichore
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Raichore
geo name: Raichur
latitude: 16.2
longitude: 77.37
comment: a city municipality in the district of Raichur in the Indian state of Karnataka.
label: Raichur
alternative label: Rayachuru

Raigad
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
contains: Panvel
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Raigad
geo name: Raigadh
comment: Raigad District (formerly Kolába district), is a district in the Konkan division of Maharashtra, India.
label: Raigadh

Rain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Rajasthan
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Ajmer
has country: India
geo name: Rajasthan

RajasthanCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: Rajasthan
comment: From Rajasthan : The patients with travel history to Rajasthan and their contacts.

Ramanagara
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Ramanagara
geo name: Ramanagara District
latitude: 12.723
longitude: 77.286
comment: a city and a city municipal council in the Indian state of Karnataka.
label: Ramanagara District

Rapid antigen test (RAT)
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A COVID-19 antigen refers to any foreign matter or viral proteins in the body that triggers an immune response.
comment: a rapid diagnostic test suitable for point-of-care testing that directly detects the presence or absence of an antigen.
alternative label: Antigen rapid test (ART)
alternative label: Rapid antigen detection test (RADT)
alternative label: Rapid test
alternative label: rapid antigen test

Ratnagiri
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Ratnagiri
geo name: Ratnagiri District
latitude: 16.994444
longitude: 73.3
label: Ratnagiri District

Reduced consciousness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Other less common symptom

Rest Of Europe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic region
geo name: Rest Of Europe

RestOfEuropeCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: Rest Of Europe
comment: From the rest of Europe : The patients with travel history to Europe but not to UK and their contacts.

Riyadh
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Saudi Arabia
has country: Saudi Arabia
geo name: Riyadh
latitude: 24.633333
longitude: 46.716667

Nasal discharge presen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: SCTID: 267101005
label: Nose dripping
label: Nose running

S106del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: NSP6

S135R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP1

S221L
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

S33del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: N gene

S371F
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

S373P
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

S375F
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

S403L
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP3

S413R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: N gene

S477N
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Saudi Arabia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Dammam
contains: Jeddah
contains: Mecca
contains: Riyadh
geo name: Saudi Arabia

Scotland
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: United Kingdom
contains: Edinburgh
has country: United Kingdom
geo name: Scotland

SecondGenerationContactAbsentCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Contact cluster
comment: Second Generation Contact Absent : The patients whose information was given as "Contact" without giving the patient ID of the individual they were a contact of.

SecondGenerationContactCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Contact cluster

Sensitisation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immunization
comment: rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections.
alternative label: Sensitization

Severe Acute Respiratory Infections
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease cluster
comment: Severe Acute Respiratory Infection: This includes patients with a history of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection whose symptoms have resurfaced and their contacts.
alternative label: SARI

Shahapur
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contained in: Yadgir
has district: Yadgir
geo name: Shahapur
latitude: 16.7
longitude: 76.83
comment: a city and taluka headquarter located in the Yadgir district of Indian state of Karnataka.

Sharjah
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: United Arab Emirates
has country: United Arab Emirates
geo name: Sharjah
latitude: 25.3575
longitude: 55.390833

Shikharaji
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Jharkhand
has state: Jharkhand
geo name: Shikharaji
latitude: 23.9611
longitude: 86.1371

Shivamogga
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Shivamogga
latitude: 13.933333
longitude: 75.566667

Singapore
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
geo name: Singapore
latitude: 1.283333
longitude: 103.833333

Sleep disorders
type: NamedIndividual
type: Other less common symptom

Sleet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Sneezing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: SCTID: 76067001

Snow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Solapur
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Solapur
latitude: 17.68
longitude: 75.92

Sore throat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Less common symptom
comment: SCTID: 162397003
alternative label: Pain in throat
alternative label: Raw throat

Republic of South Africa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Republic of South Africa

South America
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
geo name: South America

SouthAmericaCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: South America
comment: From South America : The patients with travel history to South America and their contacts.

SouthernStatesCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: Southern States Of India
comment: From the Southern States : The patients with travel to Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh or Telengana and their contacts. This doesn't contain patients with interdistrict travel in Karnataka

Southern States Of India
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic region
geo name: Southern States Of India
comment: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh or Telengana. This doesn't contain Karnataka

Spain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Madrid
geo name: Spain

Speci-1-p000001
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimen
most recent genome sequence test result: TR-1-p000001
location: Asia
location: India
location: Karnataka
patient status: Unknown
GISAID sample accession id: EPI_ISL_14916130
sample collection date: 2022-09-01T00:00:00
comment: Data source- GISAID EPI_SET ID: EPI_SET_230329vz DOI: https://doi.org/10.55876/gis8.230329vz

Speci-2-p000002
type: NamedIndividual
type: VGO UnknownBiospecimen
most recent genome sequence test result: TR-2-p000002
location: Asia
location: India
location: Karnataka
patient status: Unknown
GISAID sample accession id: EPI_ISL_14810239
sample collection date: 2022-08-08T00:00:00
comment: Data source- GISAID EPI_SET ID: EPI_SET_230329vz DOI: https://doi.org/10.55876/gis8.230329vz

Speci-3-p000003
type: NamedIndividual
type: VGO UnknownBiospecimen
most recent genome sequence test result: TR-3-p000003
location: Asia
location: India
location: Karnataka
patient status: Unknown
GISAID sample accession id: EPI_ISL_14810204
sample collection date: 2022-11-08T00:00:00
comment: Data source- GISAID EPI_SET ID: EPI_SET_230329vz DOI: https://doi.org/10.55876/gis8.230329vz

Speci-4-p000004
type: NamedIndividual
type: VGO UnknownBiospecimen
most recent genome sequence test result: TR-4-p000004
location: Asia
location: India
location: Karnataka
patient status: Unknown
GISAID sample accession id: EPI_ISL_14810205
sample collection date: 2022-11-08T00:00:00
comment: Data source- GISAID EPI_SET ID: EPI_SET_230329vz DOI: https://doi.org/10.55876/gis8.230329vz

Speci-5-p000005
type: NamedIndividual
type: VGO UnknownBiospecimen
most recent genome sequence test result: TR-5-p000005
location: Asia
location: India
location: Karnataka
patient status: Unknown
GISAID sample accession id: EPI_ISL_14810202
sample collection date: 2022-11-08T00:00:00
comment: Data source- GISAID EPI_SET ID: EPI_SET_230329vz DOI: https://doi.org/10.55876/gis8.230329vz

Sri Lanka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Colombo
contains: Western Province
geo name: Sri Lanka

Sun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Surat
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Gujarat
contained in: India
has state: Gujarat
geo name: Surat
latitude: 21.17024
longitude: 72.831061

Switzerland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Switzerland

T112I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP15

T11A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: E gene

T17A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP8

T19I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

T223I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NS3
occurred in: NSP2

T24I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: N gene
occurred in: NS3
occurred in: NSP3
occurred in: NSP5

T327I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP4

T376A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

T478K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

T492I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: NSP4

TJCongregation13thTo18thCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
type: Time cluster
spatial coverage: Delhi
date: 2020-03-13T00:00:00
date: 2020-03-18T00:00:00
end date: 2020-03-18T00:00:00
start date: 2020-03-13T00:00:00
comment: TJ Congregation from 13th to 18th March in Delhi : The patients with travel history to the TJ Congregation in Delhi and their contacts.

Tamil Nadu
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Chennai
contains: Madurai
contains: Vellore
has country: India
geo name: Tamil Nadu

Telangana
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Hyderabad
has country: India
geo name: Telangana

Texas
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: USA
has country: USA
geo name: Texas

Thane
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: India
contained in: Maharashtra
has state: Maharashtra
geo name: Thane
geo name: Thane District
latitude: 19.172431
longitude: 72.957019
label: Thane District

The World
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic region
geo name: The World
comment: Represents the geographic region of the entire world.

Thunder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather condition

Feeling tired
type: NamedIndividual
type: Most common symptom
comment: SCTID: 224960004
alternative label: Fatigue

Trivandrum
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: India
contained in: Kerala
has state: Kerala
geo name: Trivandrum
latitude: 8.4875
longitude: 76.9525

Tumkur
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Tumkur
latitude: 13.34
longitude: 77.1

Turkey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
geo name: Turkey

Uttar Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
has country: India
geo name: UP
label: UP

URTI
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: SCTID: 54150009
label: Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

USA
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: New York City
contains: New York State
contains: Texas
geo name: USA

USACluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: USA
comment: From USA : The patients who had travel history to USA and their contacts.

Udupi
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Udupi
latitude: 13.3389
longitude: 74.7451

Under tracing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disgnosis type
comment: The patient was identified as at risk for the disease (e.g., Covid-19) and was tested as part of tracing people identified to be at risk.

United Arab Emirates
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Sharjah
geo name: United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
contains: Edinburgh
contains: London
contains: Scotland
geo name: United Kingdom
alternative label: UK

UnitedKingdomCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Geographic cluster
spatial coverage: United Kingdom
comment: From United Kingdom : The patients with travel history to UK and their contacts.

UnknownCluster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
comment: Unknown : The patients who have been listed in the Media Bulletins as "Contact Under Tracing"and their contacts.

Uttar Kannada
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Uttar Kannada

Uttar Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
geo name: Uttar Pradesh

North Canara
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: North Canara
geo name: Uttara Kannada
comment: Uttara Kannada, formerly known as North Canara, is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka.
label: Uttara Kannada

V213G
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Vaccination
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immunization
comment: taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease
alternative label: Inoculation

Vadodara
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
geo name: Vadodara District
alternative label: Vadodara District

Vellore
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
type: District
contained in: India
contained in: Tamil Nadu
has state: Tamil Nadu
geo name: Vellore
geo name: Vellore District
latitude: 12.920219
longitude: 79.133306
label: Vellore District

Vijayapura
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Vijayapura
latitude: 13.29
longitude: 77.8

Vishakapatnam
type: NamedIndividual
type: City
contained in: Andhra Pradesh
contained in: India
has state: Andhra Pradesh
geo name: Vishakapatnam
latitude: 17.704167
longitude: 83.297778

W152R
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

West Bengal
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: India
contains: Kolkata
has country: India
geo name: West Bengal

Western Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
contained in: Sri Lanka
contains: Colombo
has country: Sri Lanka
geo name: Western Province
comment: is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country.

Wuhan
type: NamedIndividual
type: City

Y144del
type: NamedIndividual
type: Deletion mutation
occurred in: Spike

Y505H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Point mutation
occurred in: Spike

Yadgir
type: NamedIndividual
type: District
contained in: Bengaluru Urban
contained in: India
contained in: Karnataka
contains: Shahapur
has state: Karnataka
geo name: Yadgir

ins104P
type: NamedIndividual
type: Insertion mutation
occurred in: NS3

ins108GstopYstop
type: NamedIndividual
type: Insertion mutation
occurred in: NSP6

p000001
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has sample: Speci-1-p000001
patient id: p000001-kar-codo

p000002
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has sample: Speci-2-p000002
patient id: p000002-kar-codo

p000003
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has sample: Speci-3-p000003
patient id: p000003-kar-codo

p000004
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has sample: Speci-4-p000004
patient id: p000004-kar-codo

p000005
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person
has sample: Speci-5-p000005
patient id: p000005-kar-codo

sample1-p000001
type: NamedIndividual
type: Specimen
has originating lab: CentersForDiseaseControl
has sequencing technology: iSeq
has test result: TestResult1-p000001
location: Taiwan
patient status: Released
comment: Insertion of 4 nucleotides when compared to the reference WIV04 sequence. Gap of 15 nucleotides when compared to the reference WIV04 sequence.
patient age: 39
sample collection date: 2021-01-28T10:00:00

var1
type: NamedIndividual
type: SARS-CoV-2 variant
first detectedIn: UnitedKingdom
first detectedIn: Wuhan
has descendant: var2
has descendant: var3
GISAIDclade name: V
PANGO name: B

var2
type: NamedIndividual
type: SARS-CoV-2 variant
first detectedIn: UnitedKingdom
GISAIDclade name: GR
PANGO name: B.1.1

var3
type: NamedIndividual
type: SARS-CoV-2 variant
first detectedIn: Botswana
first detectedIn: Hong Kong
first detectedIn: Republic of South Africa
has descendant: var4
GISAIDclade name: GRA
PANGO name: BA.2
SIG name: VOC
WHO name: Omicron

var4
type: NamedIndividual
type: SARS-CoV-2 variant
first detectedIn: Botswana
first detectedIn: Hong Kong
first detectedIn: Republic of South Africa
has descendant: var5
GISAIDclade name: GRA
PANGO name: BA.2.10
SIG name: VOC
WHO name: Omicron

var5
type: NamedIndividual
type: SARS-CoV-2 variant
first detectedIn: Botswana
first detectedIn: Hong Kong
first detectedIn: Republic of South Africa
GISAIDclade name: GRA
PANGO name: BA.2.10.1
SIG name: VOC
WHO name: Omicron

18-44 years
type: NamedIndividual
type: Age Group

45 years and above
type: NamedIndividual
type: Age Group

min inclusive: 65

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  max exclusive: 18

min inclusive: 18

max exclusive: 65

Datatype
on datatype: integer
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 30
with restrictions:
  max exclusive: 40

Datatype
on datatype: integer
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 25
with restrictions:
  max exclusive: 30

min inclusive: 18

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 18

min inclusive: 0.07

min inclusive: 3

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 0.07

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 3

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 12

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 40

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 12

Datatype
on datatype: decimal
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 40

Datatype
on datatype: integer
with restrictions:
  min inclusive: 40

Class
intersection of: Vital sign
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: SpO2
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      min inclusive: 94

Class
intersection of: Vital sign
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: SpO2
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      min inclusive: 94

Class
intersection of: Vital sign
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: SpO2
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      min exclusive: 90
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: SpO2
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      max inclusive: 93
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: respiratory rate
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      min inclusive: 30

Class
intersection of: Vital sign
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: SpO2
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      min exclusive: 90
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: SpO2
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      max inclusive: 93
intersection of: Restriction
  on property: respiratory rate
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: integer
    with restrictions:
      min inclusive: 30

Class
union of: Class
  intersection of: Vital sign
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: DBP
    some values from: Datatype
      on datatype: integer
      with restrictions:
        max exclusive: 60
union of: Class
  intersection of: Class
    intersection of: Vital sign
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: SBP
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: integer
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: SpO2
    some values from: Datatype
      on datatype: integer
      with restrictions:
        max exclusive: 90

max exclusive: 90

Class
union of: Class
  intersection of: Vital sign
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: DBP
    some values from: Datatype
      on datatype: integer
      with restrictions:
        max exclusive: 60
union of: Class
  intersection of: Class
    intersection of: Vital sign
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: SBP
      some values from: Datatype
        on datatype: integer
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: SpO2
    some values from: Datatype
      on datatype: integer
      with restrictions:
        max exclusive: 90

max exclusive: 90