version: 1.0 (revison: 0.1)
MOD: Metadata for Ontology Description and publication
Biswanath Dutta (DRTC, Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore, India) and Durgesh Nandini (Durgapur, India)
An agent who has contributed in making an ontology.
The file format of an ontological resource.
The subject or the topic of an ontology.
The nature or genre of the resource.
A license under which an ontology is published.
An ontology endorsed by an agent.
endorsed by
An ontology which has been evaluated by an agent.
evaluated by
This property makes a relationship between an evaluation and the evaluation criteria(s)/aspect(s) considered to judge the quality of an ontology.
The method that is followed in evaluating an ontology. This property makes a relationship between an ontology and the methodology followed in evaluating the ontology.
The level of formality of an ontology.
formality level
This property makes a relationship between an ontology and its evaluation result.
A knowledge representation formalism (e.g., description logics, first order logic) followed to create an ontology.
knowledge representation formalism
A methodolgy follwoing which an ontology is created.
methodology used
The part(s) of an ontology, may refer to the same ontology or may refer to a different ontology(ies).
module
An ontology that is used in a project.
ontology in use
A language that is used to create an ontology.
ontology design language
The ontology(ies) referred to while creating the present ontology.
source ontology
An ontology that is sponsored by and developed under a project.
sponsered by
The syntax followed in the creation of an ontology.
syntax
The tool used for the creation of an ontology.
tool used
The person who can be contacted to enquire about an ontology.
Human-readable description with sufficient information to enable a user to quickly understand whether the ontology is of interest. The description can include, for instance, the purpose of the ontology, the scope, the area of applications of the ontology, the history, etc.
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.
The natural language of an ontology.
Information about rights held in and over an ontology.
Typically, rights include statements about the property rights associated with an ontology, including the intellectual property rights.
This property can also serve to provide an explanation for the values, such as {read, download} of the data property “accessibility” of an ontology. The property “rights” should also provide instructions on how to access an ontology in case the value of the property “accessibility” is “read.”
A word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced as one word.
Acronym
The degree to which an ontology is avilable. For instance, an ontology may be available to read, or to download.
The address of an agent.
A set of questions made to build an ontology at the design time.
The country name.
The releasing date of a resource.
This data property is used to discourage the use of any classes and/or properties of an ontology or a particular version of an ontology.
A link to the documentation page on a thing.
The evaluation date of an ontology.
Link to the homepage of a thing.
The total number of individuals in an ontology.
A keyword(s) is used to describe the content of an ontology. Keywords are basically uncontrolled and author defined words. Multiple entries in a keywords list are typically delimited by commas.
The total number of classes in an ontology.
The total number of properties in an ontology.
The total number of axioms in an ontology.
number of axioms
The classes and properties of an ontology that are no longer in use.
A pin code.
The size of an ontology file.
The state or the province name.
The status of an released ontology (i.e. whether completed or an intermediated version, authorized or not, etc.)
The street address.
Provide information on the application(s) where an ontology is used. URIs can be provided pointing to the application(s), or link to the pages where the applications are described.
The version of the released ontology.
A vocabulary(ies) that is used and/or referred to create the current ontology.
vocabulary used
The alternative name for the specified thing.
Alt Label
The first name of a person.
The last name of a person.
The email address of an agent.
The name for some thing.
A phone, specified using fully qualified telelephone number.
An area of knowledge or a flield of study that an ontology deals with. For example, Gene ontology, Movie onotology, Fishery ontology and Food ontology.
Domain
The results of evaluating an ontology. An ontology can have more than one evaluations.
The evaluation criterias, essentially the various aspects that are used in validating the quality of an ontology. These aspects may include for example, accuracy, adaptability, accessibility, clarity, completeness, computational efficiency, conciseness, informativeness, uniqueness, relevancy, reliability, usefulness and organizational fitness.
The methodology that is followed in evaluating an ontology, e.g., application based approach, assessment by human, data driven approach and golden standard.
A file format of an ontology. For example .rdf, .owl, .xml, etc.
File Format
A representation formalism that is followed to describe knowledge in an ontology. Example includes description logics, first order logic, etc.
Knowledge Representation Formalism
The degree or level of formality of an ontology. The level of formality varies from Rigorously formal, Semiformal, Informal, and Semiinformal.
Level Of Formality
A legal document giving official permission to do something with an ontology. Example includes Apache license, Creative Commons Attribution License, GNU General Public License and GPL.
License
1
A rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations.
According to Studer et al., (1998), it is "a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization."
Ontology
A knowledge representation language using which an ontology is written. For example, RDFS, OWL, Ontolingua and Loom.
Ontology Design Language
A method(s) by which an ontology is created. Example includes Methontology, Tove, Cyc and YAMO.
Ontology Design Methodology
A tool that is used to create an ontology. Example includes Protege, OntoEdit, TopBraid, etc.
Ontology Design Tool
A syntax that is used to implement an ontology. Example includes RDF/XML, Notation3, n-triples, RDFa and Turtle.
Ontology Syntax
The kind of an ontology. Example includes Upper ontology, Domain Ontology, Application Ontology and Task ontology.
Ontology Type
A resource that acts or has the power to act. Example of Agents include person and organization.
An agent corresponding to social institutions such as companies, associations, etc., that has a collective goal.
A human being (alive, dead, undead, real or imaginary).
Any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted.
According to the [REF: Survey paper] using the "Application based" approach assesses the ontologies at the following aspects/lavels: (1) Lexical, vocabulary, concept, data; (2) Hierarchy, taxonomy; (3) Other semantic relations; (4) Context, application.
An application ontology is an ontology engineered for a specific use or application focus and whose scope is specified through testable use cases. The application ontology will often use or reference canonical ontologies to construct ontological classes and relationships between classes. Application ontologies are used when modeling cross-domain experiments in biology, for data annotation or visualization and for producing data driven views across reference ontologies for specific user groups.
Application Ontology
According to the [REF: Survey paper] "Assessment by human" approach assesses the ontologies at the following aspects/lavels: (1) Lexical, vocabulary, concept, data; (2) Hierarchy, taxonomy; (3) Other semantic relations; (4) Context, application; (5) Syntactic; (6) Structure, architecture, design.
This type of ontology is linked to a domain but it integrates different viewpoints related to spe- cific group of users. This type of ontology is the result of the integration of several domain ontologies. A core reference ontology is often built to catch the central concepts and relations of the domain.
Example: Hydrontology
Core Reference Ontologies
A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work.
Creative Commons
Cyc
DarpaAgentMarkupLanguage
Darpa Agent Markup Language
DUET
According to the [REF: Survey paper] using the "Data driven" approach assesses the ontologies at the following aspects/levels:
(1) Lexical, vocabulary, concept, data; (2) Hierarchy, taxonomy; (3) Other semantic relations.
DL is used in artificial intelligence for formal reasoning on the concepts of an application domain (known as terminological knowledge). It is of particular importance in providing a logical formalism for ontologies and the Semantic Web.
Description Logic
Domain ontology is only applicable to a domain with a specific view point. That is to say that this viewpoint defines how a group of users conceptualize and visualize some specific phenomenon. This domain ontology could be linked to a specific application: electric network management system for example.
Domain Ontology
The ultimate knowledge representation formalism in terms of expressive power and compactness is First Order Logic (FOL). It was used by mathematicians to define general propositions about the world.
First Order Logic
All the terms are defined formally, with established theorems and proofs.
Formal
F-logic combines the advantages of conceptual modeling with object-oriented, frame-based languages and offers a declarative, compact and simple syntax, as well as the well-defined semantics of a logic-based language. Features include, among others, object identity, complex objects, inheritance, polymorphism, query methods, encapsulation.
Frame
General Ontology
Top-Level Ontology
Upper Level Ontology
General ontologies are not dedicated to a specific domain or fields. They contain general knowledge of a huge area.
Example: OpenCyc Ontology
General Ontologies
According to the [REF: Survey paper] "Golden standard" approach assesses the ontologies at the following aspects/levels:
(1) Lexical, vocabulary, concept, data; (2) Hierarchy, taxonomy; (3) Other semantic relations; (4) Syntactic.
Gr€uuninger and Fox propose a methodology that is inspired on the development of knowledge - based systems usingfirst order logic.They propose first to identify intuitively the main scenarios (possible applications in which the ontology will be used). Then, a set of natural language questions, called competency questions, are used to determine the scope of the ontology. These questions and their answers are used both to extract the main concepts and their properties, relations and axioms on the ontology.
Griinger and Fox methodology
The ontology is built on the basis of an application KB, by means of a process of abstraction (that is, following a bottom-up strategy).
KACTUS
Methontology is the most mature approach, and is recommended by FIPAfor the ontology construction task. The METHONTOLOGY frame-
work enables the construction of ontologies at the knowledge level. It includes: the identification of the ontology development process, a life cycle based on evolving prototypes, and particular techniques to carry out each activity.
Methontology
Notation3, or N3 as it is more commonly known, is a shorthand non-XML serialization of Resource Description Framework models, designed with human-readability in mind: N3 is much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation.
Notation 3
Ontology Interchange Language
Web Ontology Language
Web Ontology Language
On - To - Knowledge
A process ontology is a description of the components and their relationships that make up a process. A formal process ontology is an ontology in the knowledge domain of processes.
Process Ontology
Propositional Logic
A glossary, also known as a vocabulary, or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms.
In a general sense, a glossary contains explanations of concepts relevant to a certain field of study or action.
Glossary
It refers to a classification of things or concepts, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification. Taxonomy is different from meronomy which is dealing with the classification of parts of a whole
Taxonomy
This approach promotes sharability of knowledge, since the same base ontology is used to develop ontologies in particular domains. The method based on Sensus is a top-down approach for deriving domain specific ontologies from huge ontologies.The authors propose to identify a set of ‘‘seed’' terms that are relevant to a particular domain. These terms are linked manually to a broad-coverage ontology.
Sensus
Task Ontology is a specification or detailed description of elements and relationships of tasks to explain how tasks can exist and be used in a specific field or environment.
Task Ontology
Tove
Uschold And King's Method
The Uschold and King’s method proposes four activities: (1) to identify the purpose of the ontology, (2) to build it, (3) to evaluate it, and (4) to document it.
Uschold and King's method
RDF/XML is a syntax,[1] defined by the W3C[2] , to express (i.e. serialize) an RDF graph as an XML document.
RDF / XML
RadLex® is a reference ontology for the domai
n of radiology and is an active, curated
ontology.This License permits public access to the Release Version of RadLex® and makes it
possible for Licensees to use it for clinical, research, educational and commercial
activities without charge.
RadLex®
QuDEx
ABCD
DDI
OAI - ORE
SDMX
DIF
The creator of an ontology.