Biswanath Dutta
For any quesries to MOD metadata, contact Biswanath Dutta (DRTC, Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore, India) Email: bisu@drtc.isibang.ac.in
MOD: Metadata for Ontology Description and publication
Durgesh Nandini
An application ontology is an ontology engineered for a specific use or application focus and whose scope is specified through testable use cases. The application ontology will often use or reference canonical ontologies to construct ontological classes and relationships between classes. Application ontologies are used when modeling cross-domain experiments in biology, for data annotation or visualization and for producing data driven views across reference ontologies for specific user groups.
This type of ontology is linked to a domain but it integrates different viewpoints related to spe- cific group of users. This type of ontology is the result of the integration of several domain ontologies. A core reference ontology is often built to catch the central concepts and relations of the domain. Example: Hydrontology
A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work.
DL is used in artificial intelligence for formal reasoning on the concepts of an application domain (known as terminological knowledge). It is of particular importance in providing a logical formalism for ontologies and the Semantic Web.
Domain ontology is only applicable to a domain with a specific view point. That is to say that this viewpoint defines how a group of users conceptualize and visualize some specific phenomenon. This domain ontology could be linked to a specific application: electric network management system for example.
The ultimate knowledge representation formalism in terms of expressive power and compactness is First Order Logic (FOL). It was used by mathematicians to define general propositions about the world.
F-logic combines the advantages of conceptual modeling with object-oriented, frame-based languages and offers a declarative, compact and simple syntax, as well as the well-defined semantics of a logic-based language. Features include, among others, object identity, complex objects, inheritance, polymorphism, query methods, encapsulation.
General ontologies are not dedicated to a specific domain or fields. They contain general knowledge of a huge area. Example: OpenCyc Ontology
Gr€uuninger and Fox propose a methodology that is inspired on the development of knowledge - based systems usingfirst order logic.They propose first to identify intuitively the main scenarios (possible applications in which the ontology will be used). Then, a set of natural language questions, called competency questions, are used to determine the scope of the ontology. These questions and their answers are used both to extract the main concepts and their properties, relations and axioms on the ontology.
The ontology is built on the basis of an application KB, by means of a process of abstraction (that is, following a bottom-up strategy).
Methontology is the most mature approach, and is recommended by FIPAfor the ontology construction task. The METHONTOLOGY frame- work enables the construction of ontologies at the knowledge level. It includes: the identification of the ontology development process, a life cycle based on evolving prototypes, and particular techniques to carry out each activity.
Notation3, or N3 as it is more commonly known, is a shorthand non-XML serialization of Resource Description Framework models, designed with human-readability in mind: N3 is much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation.
A process ontology is a description of the components and their relationships that make up a process. A formal process ontology is an ontology in the knowledge domain of processes.
A glossary, also known as a vocabulary, or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. In a general sense, a glossary contains explanations of concepts relevant to a certain field of study or action.
It refers to a classification of things or concepts, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification. Taxonomy is different from meronomy which is dealing with the classification of parts of a whole
This approach promotes sharability of knowledge, since the same base ontology is used to develop ontologies in particular domains. The method based on Sensus is a top-down approach for deriving domain specific ontologies from huge ontologies.The authors propose to identify a set of ‘‘seed’' terms that are relevant to a particular domain. These terms are linked manually to a broad-coverage ontology.
Task Ontology is a specification or detailed description of elements and relationships of tasks to explain how tasks can exist and be used in a specific field or environment.
The Uschold and King’s method proposes four activities: (1) to identify the purpose of the ontology, (2) to build it, (3) to evaluate it, and (4) to document it.
RDF/XML is a syntax,[1] defined by the W3C[2] , to express (i.e. serialize) an RDF graph as an XML document.
RadLex® is a reference ontology for the domai n of radiology and is an active, curated ontology.This License permits public access to the Release Version of RadLex® and makes it possible for Licensees to use it for clinical, research, educational and commercial activities without charge.
An agent who has contributed in making an ontology.
The creator of an ontology.
A statement that represents something in words. It is the act of describing something. The description can include, for instance, the purpose of a thing, the scope, the area of applications of a thing, the history, etc.
The file format of an ontological resource.
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.
The natural language of an ontology.
The subject or the topic of an ontology.
A license under which an ontology is published.
A word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced as one word.
Darpa Agent Markup Language
Description Logics
An area of knowledge or a flield of study that an ontology deals with. For example, Gene ontology, Movie onotology, Fishery ontology and Food ontology.
Domain Ontology
A file format of an ontology. For example .rdf, .owl, .xml, etc.
First Order Logic
All the terms are defined formally, with established theorems and proofs.
GNU Free Documentation License
GNU General Public License
General Ontology
Top-Level Ontology
Upper Level Ontology
A representation formalism that is followed to describe knowledge in an ontology. Example includes description logics, first order logic, etc.
The degree or level of formality of an ontology. The level of formality varies from Rigorously formal, Semiformal, Informal, and Semiinformal.
A legal document giving official permission to do something with an ontology. Example includes Apache license, Creative Commons Attribution License, GNU General Public License and GPL.
Ontology Interchange Language
A rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations. According to Studer et al., (1998), it is "a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization."
A knowledge representation language using which an ontology is written. For example, RDFS, OWL, Ontolingua and Loom.
A method(s) by which an ontology is created. Example includes Methontology, Tove, Cyc and YAMO.
A tool that is used to create an ontology. Example includes Protege, OntoEdit, TopBraid, etc.
A syntax that is used to implement an ontology. Example includes RDF/XML, Notation3, n-triples, RDFa and Turtle.
The kind of an ontology. Example includes Upper ontology, Domain Ontology, Application Ontology and Task ontology.
Propositional Logic
Uschold And King's Method
Information on access (i.e., read, download) to an ontology.
The address of an agent.
The total number of classes in an ontology.
A set of questions made to build an ontology at the design time.
The country name.
The release date of an ontology.
A link to the documentation page on a thing.
An ontology endorsed by an agent.
An ontology that is evaluated by an agent.
evaluated by
The level of formality of an ontology.
Link to the homepage of a thing.
The total number of individuals in an ontology.
A keyword(s) is used to describe the content of an ontology. Keywords are basically uncontrolled and author defined words. Multiple entries in a keywords list are typically delimited by commas.
A knowledge representation formalism (e.g., description logics, first order logic) followed to create an ontology.
knowledge representation formalism
A methodolgy follwoing which an ontology is created.
The part(s) of the ontology, may refer to the same ontology or may be to different ontologies.
The total number of axioms in an ontology.
number of axioms
An ontology that is used in a project.
A language that is used to create an ontology.
A pin code.
The total number of properties in an ontology.
The size of the ontology.
The ontology(ies) referred to while creating the present ontology.
An ontology that is sponsored by and developed under a project.
The state or the province name.
The status of an released ontology (i.e. whether completed or an intermediated version, authorized or not, etc.)
The street address.
The syntax followed in the creation of an ontology.
The tool used for the creation of an ontology.
The version of the released ontology.
A vocabulary(ies) that is used and/or referred to create the current ontology.
vocabulary used
The alternative name for the specified thing.
A resource that acts or has the power to act. Example of Agents include person and organization.
An agent corresponding to social institutions such as companies, associations, etc., that has a collective goal.
A human being (alive, dead, undead, real or imaginary).
Any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted.
The first name of a person.
The email address of an agent.
The name for some thing.
A phone, specified using fully qualified telelephone number.